Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

Gout is a metabolic disorder characterized by accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints and surrounding tissues, causing intense pain and inflammation. It occurs when uric acid levels exceed solubility. Rheumatoid arthritis is autoimmune, osteoarthritis involves wear-and-tear, and rickets is caused by vitamin D deficiency affecting bone development - none involve uric acid crystals.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels. A deficiency of insulin leads to diabetes mellitus, where the body cannot properly process glucose, resulting in high blood sugar levels.

Diabetes mellitus is fundamentally a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, where the body cannot properly regulate blood glucose levels due to insulin deficiency or resistance. While diabetes can affect protein and fat metabolism secondarily, the core defect involves carbohydrate processing.

Asprosin lacks in people with Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome.

Demineralization is caused by over-secretion of parathormone and occurs usually due to over growth of parathyroid glands.

Cretinism in congenital condition due to lack of thyroxine hormone secreted by thyroid gland.

Diabetes occurs when the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin or the body becomes resistant to insulin, leading to excess sugar (glucose) in the blood and urine. The pancreas is the organ responsible for regulating blood sugar levels.

Insufficient dietary iodine causes the thyroid gland to enlarge (goiter) as it tries to compensate for low iodine levels needed to produce thyroid hormones. Cretinism results from congenital iodine deficiency, not acquired dietary deficiency.

Iodine deficiency causes the thyroid gland to enlarge (goiter) as it struggles to produce thyroid hormones. The gland grows trying to compensate for insufficient iodine needed for hormone synthesis. Iron deficiency causes anemia, calcium deficiency affects bones.

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Addison's disease is characterised by low blood pressure, muscular weakness, loss of appitite and excessive loss of NaCl in the urine. It occurs due to hyposecretion of adrenal cortex. 

Iodine is a critical component for the production of thyroid hormones. A deficiency in dietary iodine causes the thyroid gland to overwork and enlarge, a condition commonly known as goitre.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot effectively use it. This primarily disrupts the metabolism of carbohydrates, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. While it can affect fat and protein over time, its primary definition involves sugar processing.

Cushing's disease (misspelled as Cushion's in the question) is a serious condition caused by an excess of the hormone cortisol. Since hormones are regulated by the endocrine system, it is classified as an endocrine disorder. The other options refer to cardiovascular, respiratory, or orthopedic systems, which are not the primary systems affected by this disease.

Non-cancerous enlargement of one or both breasts in males due to too much production of estrogen is known as gynaecomastia.