Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

Iodine deficiency causes goitre, a condition characterized by abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland in the neck. The thyroid requires iodine to produce hormones, and when iodine is insufficient, the gland enlarges to compensate. Thyroid is the gland itself (not the disease), Pellagra is caused by niacin (B3) deficiency, making Goitre the correct answer.

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune condition causing excessive hair loss throughout the body. It results from the immune system attacking hair follicles. Graves disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis affect the thyroid, while scleroderma affects connective tissue.

The pituitary gland regulates growth hormone production. In children, excessive growth hormone causes gigantism, while insufficient production leads to dwarfism. This demonstrates the pituitary's critical role in growth and development.

Oncology is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. The term comes from the Greek 'onkos' meaning bulk or mass.

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance - the body's cells don't respond properly to insulin. This is different from Type 1 diabetes, which is an autoimmune condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder involving insulin production and regulation. The pancreas is the organ responsible for producing insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. While diabetes affects the whole body, the pancreas is the primary organ involved in its pathophysiology.

Goitre is the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, located in the neck. It is often caused by iodine deficiency. The thyroid gland (option D) is the correct answer, not muscles, forehead, or spine.

A goiter is the medical term for swelling in the neck caused by an enlarged thyroid gland. This condition can result from iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders, or other thyroid dysfunctions. Dysentery affects the intestines, bronchitis is lung inflammation, and asthma is a respiratory condition.

Iodine deficiency causes Goitre (enlarged thyroid gland), as iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production. Scurvy is caused by Vitamin C deficiency, and Obesity is not caused by micronutrient deficiency. Iodine is crucial for metabolism regulation.

Heat exhaustion occurs when the body loses excessive amounts of water and salt through sweating. This depletion of fluids and electrolytes impairs the body's ability to regulate temperature and can lead to dizziness, weakness, and nausea if not treated.

Hyperglycemia means abnormally high blood glucose levels, typically above 126 mg/dL when fasting or 180 mg/dL after meals. This condition is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus. The prefix hyper- means elevated or excessive, while glycemia refers to sugar concentration in blood.

Excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary gland during childhood causes gigantism, resulting in significantly increased height. In adults, this causes acromegaly (bone thickening), but in children, it leads to abnormal vertical growth.

Deficiency of calcitonin causes tetany.

The correct pair is diabetes insipidus : Water.