Constitutions and Law

Article 17 of the Constitution explicitly abolishes untouchability and forbids its practice in any form. It is a fundamental right available against the State and also against private individuals.

Under Article 261, the 'full faith and credit' clause applies to public acts, records, and judicial proceedings. However, it specifically excludes final judgments of civil courts from automatic enforcement across states.

India adopted the concept of Judicial Review from the US Constitution. This power enables the Supreme Court and High Courts to examine the constitutional validity of laws and government actions. The framers of the Indian Constitution were influenced by American constitutional law.

The Indian Constitution is described as federal in form but unitary in spirit. While it has federal features like division of powers, independent judiciary, and bicameral legislature, it contains strong unitary elements such as a single citizenship, flexible constitution, integrated judiciary, and powerful Centre overriding states in emergencies. Dr. Ambedkar famously called it 'federal in form but unitary in spirit'.

The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial tribunal and the final court of appeal under the Constitution of India. It has ultimate jurisdiction over all constitutional matters and can hear appeals against High Court decisions. The Supreme Court interprets the Constitution and its decisions are binding on all courts in India.

The Indian Constitution's parliamentary system of democracy closely follows the UK model, borrowing features like the Cabinet system, collective responsibility, privilege of Parliament, and the Speaker's role. However, India has also incorporated elements from other constitutions - the fundamental rights and judicial review from the US, directive principles from Ireland, and emergency provisions from Germany. The answer focuses on which system it 'closely follows' in terms of fundamental structure.

Article 343(1) of the Indian Constitution explicitly states that 'The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script.' Article 341 deals with Scheduled Tribes, while Article 342 relates to Scheduled Tribes in states/union territories.

Situational discretion is given to both the President and the Governor. Constitutional discretion is given to the Governor only.

Correct 

This is the correct answer.

Indian constitution is federal in nature but unitary by spirit.

The Eighth Schedule lists India's officially recognized national languages. Originally containing 8 languages, it now includes 22 languages including Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, Telugu, and others, reflecting India's linguistic diversity.

The Cabinet system (parliamentary executive) is adopted from the British Constitution. This system features collective responsibility of ministers to the legislature, real executive power vested in the Prime Minister and Council, and the requirement that they enjoy the confidence of the lower house.

The Uniform Civil Code (Article 44) is a Directive Principle that has not been implemented so far due to its sensitive nature involving personal laws of different religious communities. The other options have been implemented: Village Panchayats (Article 40, 73rd Amendment 1992), separation of judiciary from executive (implemented through various judicial decisions and administrative reforms), and promotion of international peace (through India's foreign policy and UN initiatives).