Constitutions and Law

The original Constitution (1950) had 395 Articles organized in 22 Parts and 8 Schedules. Through amendments, it now has 448 Articles in 25 Parts and 12 Schedules. The question asks about the original structure.

The Right to Property was originally a Fundamental Right under Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31. The 44th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1978 removed it from Part III (Fundamental Rights) and repositioned it as a legal right under Article 300A. This was done to reduce the burden on the state when acquiring property for public purposes and to prevent excessive litigation.

The Indian Constitution originally had 10 Fundamental Duties added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976. Later, the 86th Amendment Act, 2002 added one more duty (relating to education of children aged 6-14 years as a fundamental duty of parents/guardians), bringing the total to 11. These duties are enumerated in Article 51A and guide citizens towards their constitutional responsibilities.

The Indian President has three emergency powers: national emergency (Article 352 - due to war, external aggression or armed rebellion), President's rule (Article 356 - failure of constitutional machinery in states), and financial emergency (Article 360). Option D correctly captures all three types.

Article 17 abolishes untouchability in all forms. It declares that untouchability is abolished, forbids its practice, and makes enforcement of untouchability an offence punishable by law. Option D correctly captures all three aspects of this fundamental right.

Article 3 of the Indian Constitution states that Parliament may by law form a new state by separation of a territory from any state or by uniting two or more states or parts of states or by uniting any territory to a part of any state. 

The phrase "President's rule" refers to the imposition of Article 356 of the Constitution of India on a state whose constitutional machinery has failed. In the event that a state government is not able to function as per the Constitution, the state comes under the direct control of central government. In other words, it is "under President's rule".

An issue of "Right to die" raised before the court in Gian Kaur v. State of Punjab. In this case, a five judge Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court overruled P. Ratinam’s case and held that “Right to Life” under Article 21 of the Constitution does not include “Right to die”.

Article 20(3) deals with the privilege against self-incrimination. Article. 20(3) embodies this privilege.

Under article 12 of the Indian Constitution, the State includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India. Thus, Berhampur University Student Union is not a state as per the definition of article 12 of the Indian Constitution.

Doctrine of colourable legislation is not related to article 13 of the Indian Constitution. The doctrine of colourability is the idea that when the legislature wants to do something that it cannot do within the constraints of the constitution, it colours the law with a substitute purpose which will still allow it to accomplish its original goal.

Under List III Entry 13 of the Indian Constitution, Civil procedure, includes all matters included in the Code of Civil Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution, limitation and arbitration. 

Under section 18 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925, degrees of kindred are computed in the manner set forth in the table of kindred set out in Schedule I. 

The Indian constitution provides for dual system of government consisting of a federal or union government and a number of state governments, and distributes powers between both the governments. On the other hand, the Indian constitution also incorporates many features of a unitary state. The Indian constitution is neither purely federal nor purely unitary but is a combination of both. Thus, the nature of Indian constitution is known as quasi-federal.

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY, this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.