Constitutions and Law

Under article 12 of the Indian Constitution, the State includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India. Thus, Berhampur University Student Union is not a state as per the definition of article 12 of the Indian Constitution.

Doctrine of colourable legislation is not related to article 13 of the Indian Constitution. The doctrine of colourability is the idea that when the legislature wants to do something that it cannot do within the constraints of the constitution, it colours the law with a substitute purpose which will still allow it to accomplish its original goal.

Under List III Entry 13 of the Indian Constitution, Civil procedure, includes all matters included in the Code of Civil Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution, limitation and arbitration. 

Under section 18 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925, degrees of kindred are computed in the manner set forth in the table of kindred set out in Schedule I. 

The Indian constitution provides for dual system of government consisting of a federal or union government and a number of state governments, and distributes powers between both the governments. On the other hand, the Indian constitution also incorporates many features of a unitary state. The Indian constitution is neither purely federal nor purely unitary but is a combination of both. Thus, the nature of Indian constitution is known as quasi-federal.

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY, this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

The 42^nd Amendment changed the description of India from a "sovereign democratic republic" to a "sovereign socialist secular democratic republic", and also changed the words "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation".

According to this Act, the Government has decided to continue the existing policy of reservation in promotion for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

An amendment of the Constitution can be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill in either House of Parliament.

Article 355 of the Constitution of India provides that it shall be the duty of the Union to protect every State against external aggression and internal disturbance and to ensure that the government of every State is carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.

 It was held in this case of Keshavanand Bharti V. State of Kerala that the Preamble to the Constitution of India is a part of the Constitution.

Article 163 (2) of the Indian Constitution provides that if any question arises whether any matter is or is not a matter as respects which the Governor is by or under this Constitution required to act in his discretion, the decision of the Governor in his discretion shall be final, and the validity of anything done by the Governor shall not be called in question on the ground that he ought or ought not to have acted in his discretion. 

Article 39A of the Constitution of India deals with equal justice and free legal aid. 

The special provisions to Finance Bills are provided under the Constitution of India in Article 117.

 These are the opening words of the preamble of the Indian Constitution, “ WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens."