Constitutions and Law

In A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950), the Supreme Court held that the phrase 'procedure established by law' in Article 21 refers strictly to enacted legislative procedure and does not incorporate the American doctrine of substantive due process.

A constitution is the fundamental legal document of a country that defines the structure of the state, the powers of its organs, and the rights and duties of its citizens.

Before the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976, education was a subject under the State List. The amendment moved it to the Concurrent List, allowing both the Union and State governments to make laws on education.

 Correct option is (1).

The Preamble to the Indian Constitution outlines the objectives of the state, which are Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. These are considered the four pillars of the Indian democratic polity.

In a federal system like India, the Constitution is supreme, and all organs of the government, including the Parliament and the Supreme Court, derive their power from it and must operate within its constitutional limits.

The Ninth Schedule was added to the Indian Constitution by the 1st Amendment Act in 1951. Its primary purpose was to protect laws related to land reforms and the abolition of the Zamindari system from being challenged in courts on the grounds of violating fundamental rights. While it now contains various laws, its historical and primary focus remains land reform legislation.

The U.S. Census Bureau used Herman Hollerith's punched card system to tabulate the results of the 1890 census. This was a landmark moment in the history of automated data processing.

Article 368 of Part XX of the Indian Constitution grants Parliament the power to amend the Constitution and specifies the procedure for doing so. Other articles like 352, 356, and 360 deal with emergency provisions (National, State, and Financial respectively).

Article 356 of the Constitution allows for the imposition of President's Rule in a state if the Governor reports that the state government cannot be carried on in accordance with the Constitution. Article 352 refers to National Emergency, and Article 360 refers to Financial Emergency.

Article 51A(h) of the Indian Constitution explicitly lists the development of scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform as a Fundamental Duty. These duties were added by the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976.

The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) enshrined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution were inspired by the Irish Constitution. Ireland had previously adopted these principles from the Spanish Constitution. These principles serve as guidelines for the government to ensure social and economic justice.

Constitution of India does not have any provision for economic rights. It is the correct answer.

Under Article 12 of the Constitution, the word “State” is defined. It includes government, parliament and legislature of each state and local authorities which are established by the Government in the territory of India. 

Grih Kalyan Kendra is a privately based association. It is not a State as per Article 12 of the Indian Constitution.