Constitutions and Law

Option (3) is correct: In re: Berubari and Exchange of Enclaves, the Supreme Court held that Preamble is not a part of the Constitution.

Option (2) is correct: The stipulation that in a suit be the Central Government, the authority to be named as plaintiff shall be ‘The Union of India’ has been provided for in Section 79.

Article 17 of the Indian Constitution explicitly abolishes untouchability and forbids its practice in any form. It is a fundamental right under the Right to Equality.

The 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1985 introduced the anti-defection law to prevent political defections motivated by lure of office or material benefits. It added the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution, which lays down the process by which legislators may be disqualified on grounds of defection. This was the first time such provisions were formally incorporated into the Indian Constitution.

Article 30 of the Indian Constitution recognizes minorities based on either religion or language. It grants these communities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. Other factors like race or caste are not the constitutional criteria for declaring a minority community.

Fundamental Duties were not part of the original Constitution; they were added by the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976 based on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee. Originally ten in number, an eleventh duty was added by the 86th Amendment Act in 2002. They are contained in Part IV-A, Article 51A of the Constitution.

The Indian federation features a bicameral legislature at the federal level (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and an independent, impartial judiciary. Unlike the US federation, India does not provide equal representation to all states in the Upper House, nor does it allow for double citizenship. These features make the Indian system a unique blend of federal and unitary characteristics.

Option (1) is correct: Article 32 talks about constitutional remedies.

Option (4) is correct: Article 360 of the Constitution of India provides provision as to Financial Emergency.

Option (3) is correct: Ban on smoking in public place is a violation of Article 21, i.e. protection of life and personal liberty.

Option (1) is incorrect: Under Article 20(1), no person shall be convicted of any offence, except for the violation of the law in force at the time of the commission of the Act charged as an offence. Option (2) is incorrect: Under Article 22, no person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed. Option (3) is correct: Article 20(3) embodies that no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. Option (4) is incorrect: Under Article 20(2), no person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.

Option (3) is correct: According to the Constitution of India, uniform civil code is a directive principle of state policy.

Article 39A was added to the Indian Constitution to ensure that the legal system promotes justice on the basis of equal opportunity. It mandates the State to provide free legal aid to ensure that justice is not denied to any citizen due to economic or other disabilities.

Article 341 of the Indian Constitution empowers the President to specify Scheduled Castes, and Article 342 empowers the President to specify Scheduled Tribes.

Article 24 of the Indian Constitution explicitly prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 in factories, mines, or other hazardous employment.