Multiple choice

In which one of the following cases, did the majority of the Supreme Court propound the view that by adopting the expression 'procedure established by law', Article 21 of our Constitution had embodied the English concept of personal liberty in preference to that of the American 'Due Process'?

  1. Gopalan v. State of Madras

  2. Maneka v. Union of India

  3. Keshavanand v. State of Kerala

  4. Minerva Mills v. Union of India

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A Correct answer
Explanation

In A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950), the Supreme Court held that the phrase 'procedure established by law' in Article 21 refers strictly to enacted legislative procedure and does not incorporate the American doctrine of substantive due process.