Tag: genetics of the future

Questions Related to genetics of the future

The genes for antibiotic resistance are found in

commercial studies biotechnology: general introduction introduction to genetic engineering and production of insulin use of efficient and eco-friendly technology genetics of the future

  1. Chromosome

  2. Nucleus

  3. Cell wall

  4. Plasmid

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Antibiotic resistance plasmids are bacterial extrachromosomal elements that carry genes conferring resistance to one or more antibiotics. Resistance genes are commonly found on plasmids, which are small extrachromosomal elements commonly found in bacteria. Plasmids are commonly able to move from one bacterial cell to another by a mechanism known as conjugation, which involves cell‐to‐cell contact followed by transfer of a copy of plasmid DNA from a donor to a recipient. 

Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

The term biotechnology was given in 1917 by

commercial studies biotechnology: general introduction introduction to genetic engineering and production of insulin use of efficient and eco-friendly technology genetics of the future

  1. Arber

  2. Nathans

  3. Karl Erkey

  4. Kornberg

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Karl Ereky coined the word biotechnology in Hungary. This discovery and the naming was done in the year 1917. The term biotechnology is the branch of science which deals with the application of biological techniques for human welfare. It involves the modification of genes by the enzymatic action which leads to the production of some biological entity like antibodies, vaccines etc which benefits the mankind. 

Thus, the correct answer is option C. 

The typical machine for production of bioproducts through microbia is

commercial studies biotechnology: general introduction introduction to genetic engineering and production of insulin use of efficient and eco-friendly technology genetics of the future

  1. Sterilized glassware

  2. Microprojectile

  3. Autoclave

  4. Fermenter

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Fermenter is an apparatus that maintains optimal conditions for the growth of microorganisms, used in large-scale fermentation and in the commercial production of antibiotics and hormones. 

Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Which one of the following approaches comes under the category of biotechnology?

commercial studies biotechnology: general introduction introduction to genetic engineering and production of insulin use of efficient and eco-friendly technology genetics of the future

  1. Use of modern technology to investigate biological disorders

  2. Modernising the commercial industries to produce products for use in biological research

  3. Use of living organisms or substances obtained from them in industrial processes

  4. Use of industrial technology to increase the biosphere

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:
Biotechnology is the broad area of biology involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2). Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of molecular biology, bio-engineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc. For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in agriculture, food production, and medicine. The term is largely believed to have been coined in 1919 by Hungarian engineer Károly Ereky. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, biotechnology has expanded to include new and diverse sciences such as genomics, recombinant gene techniques, applied immunology, and development of pharmaceutical therapies and diagnostic tests.
So the correct option is 'use of living organisms or substances obtained from them in industrial processes'.

Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than are animals because

commercial studies biotechnology: general introduction introduction to genetic engineering and production of insulin use of efficient and eco-friendly technology genetics of the future

  1. recombinant genes can be inserted into plant cells by microinjection

  2. a somatic plant cell can grow into a complete plant

  3. more vectors are available for transferring recombinant DNA into plant cells

  4. plant genes do not contain introns

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Plants have the ability to grow into a complete plant from a single cell. While animals are only produced by their species and reproduction. Hence, they are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than an animal. 

So, the correct option is 'a somatic plant cell can grow into a complete plant'.

A genetically engineered micro - organism used successfully in remeditation of oil spills is a species of

commercial studies biotechnology: general introduction introduction to genetic engineering and production of insulin use of efficient and eco-friendly technology genetics of the future

  1. Pseudomonas

  2. Trichoderma

  3. Xanthomonas

  4. Bacillus

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Marine dwelling bacteria like Pseudomonas and fungi use the hydrocarbons as fuel and emit carbon dioxide as a result. The microbes break down the ring structures of the hydrocarbons in seaborne oil using enzymes and oxygen in the seawater. The end result is ancient oil turned into modern day bacterial biomass.

Restriction endonucleases are

commercial studies biotechnology: general introduction introduction to genetic engineering and production of insulin use of efficient and eco-friendly technology genetics of the future

  1. Synthesized by bacteria

  2. Present in cells for degradation of foreign DNA

  3. Used in genetic engineering

  4. All of the above

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:
Restriction enzyme is a protein produced by bacteria that cleaves DNA at specific sites along the molecule. In the bacterial cell, restriction enzymes cleave foreign DNA, thus eliminating infecting organisms.
The goal of genetic engineering is changing the genetic makeup of an organism. To achieve this goal, scientists must have a way of rearranging genes to create new combinations of DNA. Restriction enzymes are one tool that can be used to accomplish this goal. A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites. To cut DNA, all restriction enzymes make two incisions, once through each sugar-phosphate backbone (i.e., each strand) of the DNA double helix.
Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

From the below list, which of the following is the most logical sequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid and inserting the plasmid into a bacterium?
(i) Transformbacteria with recombinant DNA molecule.
(ii) Cut the plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes.
(iii) Extract plasmid DNA from bacterial cells.
(iv) Hydrogen-bond the plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA fragments.
(v) Use ligase to seal plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA.

commercial studies biotechnology: general introduction introduction to genetic engineering and production of insulin use of efficient and eco-friendly technology genetics of the future

  1. (iv), (v), (i), (ii), (iii)

  2. (iii), (ii), (iv), (v), (i)

  3. (iii), (iv), (v), (i), (ii)

  4. (ii), (iii), (v), (iv), (i)

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:
1. A gene of interest ( DNA fragment) is isolated from cells that have been grown in laboratory culture. 
2. Both the human DNA and the plasmid are treated with the same restriction enzyme to produce identical sticky ends. 
3. The restriction enzyme cuts the plasmid DNA at its single recognition sequence, disrupting the antibiotic resistance gene. 
4. The DNA fragment are mixed together and the complementary sticky ends are attached to each other by base pairing. The enzyme DNA- ligase is added to bond the sticky ends. 
5. The recombinant plasmid or molecular clone, is introduced into a bacterial cell by adding the DNA to a bacterial culture. Under the right condition some bacteria will take up the plasmid from solution by the process transformation. 
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Which one of the following is correctly matched regarding an Institute and its location?

commercial studies biotechnology: general introduction introduction to genetic engineering and production of insulin use of efficient and eco-friendly technology genetics of the future

  1. National Institute of Virology - Pune

  2. National lnstitute of Communicable Diseases - Lucknow

  3. Central Drug Research Institute - Kasauli

  4. National Institute of Nutrition - Mumbai

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The National Institute of Virology (NIV) is a premier virus research laboratory in Pune. The National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD) is situated in New Delhi. It has been renamed as National Centre for Disease Control now. The Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) is a multidisciplinary research laboratory in Lucknow. The National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) is an Indian Public health, Biotechnology and Translational research centre located in Hyderabad. 

Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Fill up the blanks and select the correct option.
(i) EcoRI cuts the DNA between bases ___ only ____ when the sequence __  is present in the DNA.
(ii) Disruption of the cell membranes can be achieved by treating the bacterial cells, plant cells and fungal cells with enzymes respectively _, ____ and .
(iii) Since DNA has a _ charge, it moves towards the ____ of the electrophoretic chamber.

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  1. (i) G A, GAATTC (ii) endonuclease, cellulase, chitinase (iii) negative, anode

  2. (i) G A, GAATTC (ii) lysozyme, cellulase, chitinase (iii) positive, cathode

  3. (i) G A, GAATTC (ii) lysozyme, cellulase, chitinase negative/anode

  4. (i) G A, GAAATC (ii) lysozyme, cellulase, chitinase (iii) positive, cathode

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

  • EcoRI cuts the DNA between bases G and A only when the sequence GAATTC is present in the DNA.
  • Disruption of the cell membranes can be achieved by treating the bacterial cells, plant cells and fungal cells with enzymes lysozyme, cellulase and chitinases respectively.
  • Since DNA has a negative charge , it moves towards the anode of the electrophoretic chamber.
So, the correct option is 'Option C' .