Biology · General Awareness

Vaccination and Immunity

997 Questions

This hub presents questions focused on vaccination and human immunity. It covers essential topics such as herd immunity, non-specific immunity, antigens, and historical vaccine developments. These concepts are crucial for general science sections in medical and civil service exams.

Herd immunity functionsNon-specific immunitySmallpox vaccinationInterferon proteinsAntigen propertiesImmunological amnesia

Vaccination and Immunity Questions

Multiple choice

Vaccines are

  1. curative medicines

  2. monoclonal antibodies

  3. treated bacteria or viruses or one of their proteins

  4. MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Vaccines are treated bacteria or viruses or one of their proteins.If a vaccinated individual does develop the disease vaccinated against, the disease is likely to be less virulent than in unvaccinated victims.

Multiple choice

The public health programme of childhood immunisation for preventing infectious diseases includes administration of

  1. medicines

  2. narcotics

  3. antibiotics

  4. vaccines
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Immunisation refers to taking preventive measures against a disease even before it occurs. This is done by administrating special drugs called vaccines, which are actually weakened strains of causative agents, their dead cells/membranes or their toxins; and this process is called vaccination.  

Multiple choice

Infectious agents do not spread through

  1. vectors

  2. physical contact

  3. air

  4. vaccines
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Infectious agents mean the agents or organisms through which diseases or infections spread. For example, bacteria, viruses, protozoa, etc These infectious agents, i.e. microbes spread and cause diseases through vectors, physical contact and also air. But vaccines are kinds of formulations, which are used to immunise the body against diseases and control their spreading. Thus, the infectious agents do not spread through vaccines.

Multiple choice

Vaccines help in the

  1. treatment of infectious diseases

  2. treatment of non-infectious diseases

  3. prevention of microbial diseases

  4. Both (1) and (2)
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Vaccines are 'preventive', i.e. they help us in fighting against a disease before it is actually caused. The only option that suits this fact is (3). On the contrary, options (1) and (2) are related to treatments, i.e. cure after the host is infected. This is done by using suitable medicines and drugs. Hence, options (1), (2) and (4) are incorrect.

Multiple choice

The two important precautions to be observed by the people having cold and cough are

(i) to keep away from crowded places (ii) to get immunisation during childhood (iii) to use a handkerchief to sneeze in (iv) to avoid the breeding places of mosquitoes

  1. (i) and (ii)

  2. (i) and (iii)

  3. (ii) and (iii)

  4. (ii) and (iv)
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Common cold spreads due to viruses, which are suspended in air or in droplets blown from the mouth during sneezing. Thus, to avoid the spreading of common cold, the infected person should use handkerchief and also stay away from crowded places.

Multiple choice

After many years of research, a new type of immunizer has been developed that could eventually immunize children anywhere in the world within seconds by using ultra-high pressure thin stream of spray without any danger of infecting the children with contaminated hypodermic needles.

  1. that could eventually immunize children anywhere in the world within seconds by using ultra-high pressure thin stream of spray without any danger of

  2. that, by using ultra-high pressure thin stream of spray without any danger, could eventually immunize children anywhere in the world within seconds of

  3. that could eventually immunize, within seconds, children anywhere in the world by using a thin, ultra-high pressure stream of spray, without carrying any danger of

  4. that could eventually immunize children anywhere in the world by using a thin, ultra-high pressure stream of spray within seconds, without carrying any danger of

  5. that would eventually immunize, within seconds, children anywhere in the world by using a thin, ultra-high pressure stream of spray, without carrying any danger of
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Correct. The option removes any ambiguity as to whether the immunization could be done in seconds or children anywhere in the world could be immunized within seconds. Also, by adding 'carrying' to the sentence, it removes the idiomatic error in the original sentence.

Multiple choice

Which of the following microorganisms does NOT use antigenic variation as a major means of evading host defences?

  1. HIV

  2. Streptococcus pneumoniae

  3. Influenza A virus

  4. Borrelia recurrentis

  5. Trypanosoma
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

There are at least 93 serotypes in the world, though 23 prevalent serotypes that cause disease in different parts of the world, but no switching of the bacterium between serotypes. Infections with these organisms are common and often infect those with antibody or innate or combined deficiencies

Multiple choice

Protective antibodies formed in the body against viral agents are known as

  1. non-specific antibodies

  2. natural killers

  3. toxoids

  4. neutralising antibodies

  5. autoantibodies
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

A Neutralizing antibody is an antibody which defends a cell from an antigen or infectious body by inhibiting or neutralizing any effect it has biologically. An example of a neutralizing antibody is HIV antitoxin, which can neutralize the biological effects of HIV.

Multiple choice

Scientists have found that mole rats, having been exposed to high levels of cancer causing gamma radiation, and thus having lowered immunity levels, nevertheless produce antibodies at similar levels, and as readily as unexposed mole rats do.

  1. thus having lowered immunity levels, nevertheless produce antibodies at similar levels, and as readily as unexposed mole rats do

  2. having thus lowered immunity levels, should produce similar levels of antibodies as, and as readily as unexposed mole rats do

  3. thus never have similar immunity levels to unexposed mole rats, still produce similar levels of antibodies as them and equally readily too

  4. thus having lowered immunity levels, nevertheless produce similar levels of antibodies, and as readily that unexposed mole rats do

  5. thereby have lowered immunity levels, nonetheless manage to produce similar antibodies, and just as readily as unexposed mole rats do
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Correct. The sentence contains no error.

Multiple choice

Which of the following drugs is most likely to treat whooping cough, if the person is not administered DPT vaccine?

  1. Metranidazole

  2. Erythromycin

  3. Penicillin G

  4. Cefalexin
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Whooping cough is caused by a Gram-negative, aerobic, pathogenic and encapsulated coccobacillus of the genus Bordetella called Bordetella pertussis. It affects the respiratory tract. Erythromycin is likely to treat whooping cough as it is effective on aerobic respiratory pathogens.