Biology · Environmental Studies

Plant Reproduction and Germination

892 Questions

Plant reproduction and germination involve seed structure, cotyledon function, and dispersal mechanisms. These core botany concepts frequently appear in general science sections. Practice these questions to ensure better retention.

Seed germination typesSeed dispersal mechanismsCotyledons and albuminous seedsCryptogamic plantsPhanerogams reproduction

Plant Reproduction and Germination Questions

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

Endosperm, a product of double fertilisation in angiosperms is absent in the seeds of

  1. Coconut

  2. Orchids

  3. Maize

  4. Castor
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Orchid seed is a non-endospermic seed, i.e., endosperm is absent in it. Endosperm is a nourishing tissue present in the seed which nourishes the developingembryo. In orchid seed endosperm is absent because it is used up during the time ofseed development. Nourishment for germinating seed is provided by the food material present in cotyledons. 


Rest of the options are examples of endospermic seeds.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

The mature seeds of plants such as gram and peas, possess no endosperm, because

  1. these plants are not angiosperms

  2. there is no double fertilisation in them

  3. endosperm is not formed in them

  4. endosperm gets used up by the developing embryo during seed development.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation
Gram and pea both are dicot seeds. Cotyledons take up most of the space in the seed and these cotyledons become filled with the material that will nourish the growing embryo. therefore the endosperm is used up by the developing embryo.

So, the correct option is endosperm gets used up by the developing embryo during seed development.
Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

Endospermic seeds are found in

  1. Barley

  2. Castor

  3. Pea

  4. Both (a) and (b)
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Those seeds in which the endosperm persists even after germination are called endospermous seeds. Barley and castor are examples of monocot and dicot endospermous seeds respectively.

So, the correct answer is 'Both (a) and (b)'

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

Careals, castor and coconut possess ______ seeds.

  1. Endospermic

  2. Zoospermic

  3. Non-albuminous

  4. None of these
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

If the endosperm exists after the seed has germinated then the seeds are referred to as endospermous seeds, this could be due to greater synthesis or lesser utilization by the developing embryo.

Examples, cereals, castor and coconut
So, the correct answer is 'Endospermic'

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

Endosperm is completely consumed by the developing embryo in

  1. Pea and groundnut

  2. Maize and castor

  3. Castor and groundnut

  4. Maize and pea
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

In pea and groundnut, endosperm is consumed by developing embryo in the seed. The endosperm is completely absorbed by the growing embryo and the food reserve gets stored in the cotyledons. Such seeds are called non-endospermic or exalbuminous.

So, the correct option is 'Pea and groundnut'.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

Endospermic seeds are found in.

  1. Castor

  2. Barley

  3. Coconut

  4. All of these
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation
Endospermic seeds are those that have an endosperm in the mature seed. It is fleshy, oily, surrounds the embryo, and functions as the sole food storage organ. Inside the seed coat, a thin and papery cotyledon is present. Monocot plants have endospermic seeds.
So, the correct option is 'All of these'.
Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

In albuminous seeds, food is stored in ________ and in non-albumious seeds, it is stored in ___________.

  1. Endosperm, cotyledons

  2. Cotyledons, endosperm

  3. Nucellus, cotyledons

  4. Endosperm, radicle
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
Albuminous seeds are the seeds which have food stored in the special nourishing tissue called as endosperm that remains persistent till maturity. Cotyledons only act as food sucking organs and not food storage organs e.g., Castor seed. Non-albuminous seeds are the seeds which have the stored food and the cotyledons in a special structure called as a kernel. It does not remain until the embryo is mature. e.g. Pea seed.
So, the correct option is 'Endosperm, cotyledons'.
Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

Caruncle of Albuminous dicot seed is derived from

  1. Cotyledon

  2. Embryo

  3. integument

  4. None of these
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation
The caruncle is the white spongy outgrowth of the micropyle seen in some species and derived from embryo. It absorbs water readily so that it may be of some use in germination.
So the correct answer is 'Embryo'.
Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

Read the following statements:
Which of the above statements are correct?
(i) Wheat, maize barley, castor and sunflower seeds are endospermic or albuminous
(ii) Most zygotes divide only after certain amount of endosperm is formed
(iii) Though the seed differ greatly, the early stages of embryo development is similar in both monocots and dicots
(iv) The zygote divides to form proembryo and subsequently globular, heart-shaped and mature embryo.
(v) Epicotyl and hypocotyl are absent in monocot seeds

  1. (i),(ii),(iii)and (iv)

  2. (i),(ii)and (iii)

  3. (i),(iii)and( v)

  4. (iii),(iv)and (v)

  5. (i),(v) and (ii)
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Statement (v) is incorrect because monocot seeds do possess an epicotyl and hypocotyl axis, even if the structure is modified. Statements (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) are standard botanical descriptions of seed and embryo development.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

Endosperm may completely be consumed by the developing embryo before in maturation in

  1. Oat

  2. Wheat

  3. Barley

  4. Pea and groundnut
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Endosperm is a food laden tissue, surrounding the embryo on all sides or either present on one side of the embryo. It is of two types:
1. Non-endospermic or exalbuminous seeds
2. Endospermic or albuminous seeds.
In these seeds like pea, groundnut, the endosperm is completely consumed by the embryo, which belongs to the non-endospermous seeds category.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

An example of a seed with endosperm, perisperm and caruncle is 

  1. Castor

  2. Cotton

  3. Coffee

  4. Lily
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Endosperm is developed from triploid primary endosperm nucleus in central cell of embryo sac. The triploid nucleus is formed after vegetative fertilization i.e. fusion of male gamete with secondary nucleus of central cell, also known as triple fusion. Endosperm serves to provide essential nutrients to the growing embryos. Seeds having a fleshy storage endosperm that lie just beneath tegmen and persists upto maturity are termed as albuminous seeds. Castor, coffee, lily and cotton seeds are albuminous. Pericarp is residual nucellus that persists in seeds. Castor, cotton, lily and coffee seeds have pericarp present just below the seed coat and around the kernel. Pericarp surrounds endosperm in these seeds. Castor seeds exhibit enlargement of cells present at the tip of outer integument which forms a fleshy outgrowth at micropylar end of the seed is called as caruncle. It serves in seed germination and seed dispersal by animals. Cotton, lily and coffee seeds lack caruncle.

Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

Morphologically the white fluffy edible mass in maize is 

  1. Seed coat

  2. Endosperm

  3. Perisperm

  4. Seed
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The monocot plants are known for the presence of the embryo and edible endosperm in the seed. The endosperm is large, whitish and fluffy in the case of the maize. The endosperm of the maize is considered as edible which is used for the production of popcorn. The endosperm swells and comes out to form the popcorn which is highly nutritious.

Thus, the correct answer is option B. 

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

A dicot having exalbuminous seed is

  1. Pea

  2. Castor

  3. Bean

  4. Gram
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

The seed which store food material in cotyledons are called exalbuminous seed.

A. Pea-exalbuminous  seed.
B. Castor- albuminous  seed.
C. Bean- albuminous  seed.
D. Gram- albuminous  seed.
So, the correct answer is 'Pea'.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

In exalbuminous seed, the food is generally stored in

  1. Endosperm initially but hypocotyl later on.

  2. Cotyledons

  3. Endosperm from the beginning

  4. Testa
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

1. Seed store reserve food for the use of embryo at the time of germination in their cotyledons or in endosperm.

2. The seeds, which store food materials in their cotyledons are called non- endospermic or exalbuminous seeds( e.g., Gram, Pea).
3. The seeds, which store food materials in endosperm are called  endospermic or albuminous seeds( e.g., Castor, Maize).
4. Testa- The outer coat of seed is called testa.
So, the correct answer is 'Cotyledons'.