Biology · Environmental Studies

Plant Reproduction and Germination

835 Questions

Plant reproduction and germination involve seed structure, cotyledon function, and dispersal mechanisms. These core botany concepts frequently appear in general science sections. Practice these questions to ensure better retention.

Seed germination typesSeed dispersal mechanismsCotyledons and albuminous seedsCryptogamic plantsPhanerogams reproduction

Plant Reproduction and Germination Questions

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

Read the following statements:
Which of the above statements are correct?
(i) Wheat, maize barley, castor and sunflower seeds are endospermic or albuminous
(ii) Most zygotes divide only after certain amount of endosperm is formed
(iii) Though the seed differ greatly, the early stages of embryo development is similar in both monocots and dicots
(iv) The zygote divides to form proembryo and subsequently globular, heart-shaped and mature embryo.
(v) Epicotyl and hypocotyl are absent in monocot seeds

  1. (i),(ii),(iii)and (iv)

  2. (i),(ii)and (iii)

  3. (i),(iii)and( v)

  4. (iii),(iv)and (v)

  5. (i),(v) and (ii)
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Statement (v) is incorrect because monocot seeds do possess an epicotyl and hypocotyl axis, even if the structure is modified. Statements (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) are standard botanical descriptions of seed and embryo development.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

Endosperm may completely be consumed by the developing embryo before in maturation in

  1. Oat

  2. Wheat

  3. Barley

  4. Pea and groundnut
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Endosperm is a food laden tissue, surrounding the embryo on all sides or either present on one side of the embryo. It is of two types:
1. Non-endospermic or exalbuminous seeds
2. Endospermic or albuminous seeds.
In these seeds like pea, groundnut, the endosperm is completely consumed by the embryo, which belongs to the non-endospermous seeds category.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

An example of a seed with endosperm, perisperm and caruncle is 

  1. Castor

  2. Cotton

  3. Coffee

  4. Lily
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Endosperm is developed from triploid primary endosperm nucleus in central cell of embryo sac. The triploid nucleus is formed after vegetative fertilization i.e. fusion of male gamete with secondary nucleus of central cell, also known as triple fusion. Endosperm serves to provide essential nutrients to the growing embryos. Seeds having a fleshy storage endosperm that lie just beneath tegmen and persists upto maturity are termed as albuminous seeds. Castor, coffee, lily and cotton seeds are albuminous. Pericarp is residual nucellus that persists in seeds. Castor, cotton, lily and coffee seeds have pericarp present just below the seed coat and around the kernel. Pericarp surrounds endosperm in these seeds. Castor seeds exhibit enlargement of cells present at the tip of outer integument which forms a fleshy outgrowth at micropylar end of the seed is called as caruncle. It serves in seed germination and seed dispersal by animals. Cotton, lily and coffee seeds lack caruncle.

Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

Morphologically the white fluffy edible mass in maize is 

  1. Seed coat

  2. Endosperm

  3. Perisperm

  4. Seed
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The monocot plants are known for the presence of the embryo and edible endosperm in the seed. The endosperm is large, whitish and fluffy in the case of the maize. The endosperm of the maize is considered as edible which is used for the production of popcorn. The endosperm swells and comes out to form the popcorn which is highly nutritious.

Thus, the correct answer is option B. 

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

A dicot having exalbuminous seed is

  1. Pea

  2. Castor

  3. Bean

  4. Gram
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

The seed which store food material in cotyledons are called exalbuminous seed.

A. Pea-exalbuminous  seed.
B. Castor- albuminous  seed.
C. Bean- albuminous  seed.
D. Gram- albuminous  seed.
So, the correct answer is 'Pea'.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

In exalbuminous seed, the food is generally stored in

  1. Endosperm initially but hypocotyl later on.

  2. Cotyledons

  3. Endosperm from the beginning

  4. Testa
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

1. Seed store reserve food for the use of embryo at the time of germination in their cotyledons or in endosperm.

2. The seeds, which store food materials in their cotyledons are called non- endospermic or exalbuminous seeds( e.g., Gram, Pea).
3. The seeds, which store food materials in endosperm are called  endospermic or albuminous seeds( e.g., Castor, Maize).
4. Testa- The outer coat of seed is called testa.
So, the correct answer is 'Cotyledons'.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

In exalbuminous seeds, there is :

  1. Non formation of endosperm

  2. Abundant formation of endosperm

  3. Abundant protein

  4. Consumption of endosperm during development of speed
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Seed store reserve food for the use of embryo at the time of germination in their cotyledons or in endosperm.

The seeds, which store food materials in their cotyledons are called non- endospermic or exalbuminous seeds( e.g., Gram, Pea).
The seeds, which store food materials in endosperm are called  endospermic or albuminous seeds( e.g., Castor, Maize).
So, the correct answer is 'Consumption of endosperm during development of embryo'.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

Which one is monocot albuminous seed?

  1. Maize

  2. Wheat

  3. Rice

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Seeds, which store food materials in their cotyledons are called non- endospermic or exalbuminous seeds.(e.g., Gram, Pea, Bean, Almond, Groundnut).

Seeds, which store food materials in their endosperm are called endospermic or albuminous seeds. (e.g., Castor, Maize, Wheat, Barley, Grasses).

Monocot seed- one cotyledon.

Dicot seed- Two cotyledons.

A. Maize- Monocot albuminous seed.

B. Wheat- Monocot albuminous seed.

C. Rice- Monocot albuminous seed.

So, the correct answer is 'All of the above'.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

Non-albuminous seeds occur in

  1. Maize

  2. Wheat

  3. Rice

  4. <p>Vallisneria</p>
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Seeds, which store food materials in their cotyledons are called non- endospermic or exalbuminous seeds.(e.g., gram, pea, bean, almond, groundnut, mustard, sunflower).

Seeds, which store food materials in their endosperm are called endospermic or albuminous seeds. (e.g., castor, maize, wheat, barley, grasses, rice).

Vallisneria is a genus of freshwater aquatic plant, commonly called eelgrass, tape grass or vallis.  It has a non albuminous seed.

So, the correct answer is 'Vallisneria'.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

Seed of castor is

  1. Non-endospermic exalbuminous

  2. Endospermic albuminous

  3. Endospermic exalbuminous

  4. Non-endospermic albuminous
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Seeds, which store food materials in their cotyledons are called non- endospermic or exalbuminous seeds.(e.g., Gram, Pea, Bean, Almond, Groundnut).

Seeds, which store food materials in their endosperm are called endospermic or albuminous seeds. (e.g., Castor, Maize, Wheat, Barley, Grasses).

So, the correct answer is 'Endospermic albuminous'.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

Assign the seeds to their respective categories :
(a) Maize 
(b) Mustard
(c) Pea
(d) Endospermic
(e) Non endospermic

  1. a - d, b - d, c- e

  2. a - d, b - e, c- e

  3. a - e, b - e, c - d

  4. a - e, b - d, c - e
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Seeds, which store food materials in their cotyledons are called non- endospermic or exalbuminous seeds.(e.g., Gram, Pea, Bean, Almond, Groundnut).

Seeds, which store food materials in their endosperm are called endospermic or albuminous seeds. (e.g., Castor, Maize, Wheat, Barley, Grasses).

(a) Maize- endospermic

(b) Mustard- Non- endospermic

(c) Pea- Non endospermic.

So, the correct answer is'a-d, b-e, c-e'.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

Food is stored in albuminous seed in

  1. Testa

  2. Cotyledon

  3. Endosperm

  4. Plumule
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

A. Outer seed coat which ensures survival of seeds called testa.

B. Cotyledons reserve food material in exalbuminous seeds.
C. Endosperm reserve food in albuminous seeds.
D. Plumule gives rise to aerial shoot.
So, the correct answer is 'Endosperm'.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo fruits and seeds fruit and its type fertilization events

Seeds are non-endospermic in

  1. Gram

  2. Pea

  3. Bean

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Seeds, which store food materials in their cotyledons are called non- endospermic or exalbuminous seeds. (e,g., gram, pea, bean, almond, groundnut).

Seeds, which store food materials in their endosperm are called endospermic or albuminous seeds. (e.g., castor, maize, wheat, barley, grasses). So, the correct answer is 'All of the above'.