Modern Indian History

The first passenger train in India ran between Bori Bunder (Mumbai) and Thane on April 16, 1853. This marked the official introduction of the railway system in the country.

The first general elections in independent India were held between October 1951 and February 1952. They were conducted on the basis of universal adult suffrage, allowing all citizens above a certain age to vote regardless of property or education. This was a landmark event in the history of global democracy.

‘among’ is incorrect for comparison between two things; ‘between’ being the right construct. The correct usage is ‘between X and Y’. Hence (2)

"The Story of My Experiments with Truth" is the autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi. It covers his life from early childhood through to 1921 and is considered a classic of modern Indian literature.

'Jana Gana Mana' was composed by the Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. It was originally written in Bengali and later adopted as the National Anthem of India by the Constituent Assembly in 1950. Bankim Chandra Chatterji wrote the National Song, 'Vande Mataram'.

Mother Teresa was known as the 'Saint of the Gutters' because of her dedicated work with the poor, sick, and dying in the slums of Kolkata. She founded the Missionaries of Charity to provide care for those whom society had abandoned.

The Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928 to review the constitutional reforms. Its arrival and the subsequent lack of Indian representation led to widespread protests, which served as a major catalyst for the Civil Disobedience Movement launched in 1930. While the commission arrived slightly before the movement officially began, it is the most relevant historical period among the choices.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society in Pune in 1905. The society aimed to train Indians to devote their lives to the cause of the country in a selfless manner, regardless of caste or creed.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak transformed the traditional household Ganapati worship into a large-scale public festival in 1893. He used this as a platform to foster national spirit and bypass British restrictions on political gatherings.

In 1940, Gandhi launched the Individual Satyagraha to protest against India being dragged into WWII without consent. Vinoba Bhave was selected as the first satyagrahi, followed by Jawaharlal Nehru as the second.

The first non-synchronous census in India was conducted in 1872 under Lord Mayo. However, the first synchronous decennial census (the regular 10-year drill) actually began in 1881. Given the options, 1872 is the accepted starting point for the census era in India.

Mahatma Gandhi was first imprisoned in Johannesburg, South Africa, in early 1908 following his protests against the Registration Act (Black Act). The movement and summons leading to this arrest began in late 1907.

Subhash Chandra Bose escaped from house arrest in Calcutta in January 1941. Disguised as a Pathan, he traveled through Afghanistan and the Soviet Union to reach Germany to seek help for India's independence.

The correct usage of modifiers is being tested here. An introvert, religious-minded individual who had barely passed law is modifying Gandhi, therefore the first word after the comma should be Gandhi which occurs only in 4. Hence (4)