Modern Indian History

The Non-cooperation Movement (1920-1922) was a significant phase of the Indian independence struggle where Gandhi urged Indians to withdraw their support from the British government. This included boycotting foreign goods, government schools, and courts, as well as returning titles and honors. The movement aimed to achieve self-governance (Swaraj) through non-violent means.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress and served as Gandhi's political mentor. Upon Gandhi's return to India in 1915, Gokhale advised him to travel across the country for a year to understand the social and political landscape. Gandhi deeply respected Gokhale's moderate approach and commitment to social reform.

Gandhi founded the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) in 1894 to advocate for the rights of Indians in South Africa. The organization was established to provide a unified political voice against discriminatory laws, such as the disenfranchisement of Indian voters. It served as a model for his later political organizing in India.

Mahatma Gandhi is officially honored as the Father of the Nation in India due to his leadership in the struggle for independence. This title was first used by Subhas Chandra Bose in a radio address from Singapore in 1944. It reflects the deep respect and central role Gandhi played in shaping modern India.

It is widely recorded that Gandhi's last words after being shot by Nathuram Godse were "Hey Ram" (Oh God). This utterance reflected his lifelong devotion to God and his spiritual practice. The words are inscribed on his memorial at Raj Ghat in New Delhi.

Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated on January 30, 1948, by Nathuram Godse at Birla House in New Delhi. He was attending a prayer meeting when he was shot at close range. This day is observed in India as Martyrs' Day to honor his sacrifice and the sacrifices of others for the nation.

The Quit India Movement, launched in August 1942, was the most definitive and widespread revolt against British rule. Gandhi gave the famous slogan "Do or Die," demanding an immediate British withdrawal from India. It resulted in the mass arrest of the entire Congress leadership but solidified the national resolve for independence.

Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, addressed the nation via radio on the evening of Gandhi's assassination. He famously began his speech with the words, "The light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere." He urged the nation to stay calm and follow the path of peace that Gandhi had taught.

Nathuram Godse was the individual who assassinated Mahatma Gandhi on January 30, 1948. Godse was a Hindu nationalist who disagreed with Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence and his perceived favoritism toward Muslims during the partition. He was later tried and executed for the crime.

The Aga Khan Palace is located in Pune, Maharashtra. It served as a prison for Gandhi, Kasturba Gandhi, and Mahadev Desai from 1942 to 1944 following the launch of the Quit India Movement. Today, it is a national memorial and houses a museum dedicated to Gandhi's life.

The Balwantrai Mehta Committee was appointed in 1957 to evaluate the Community Development Programme and the National Extension Service. The committee famously recommended the establishment of a three-tier Panchayati Raj system to achieve democratic decentralization. This laid the foundation for local self-government in India.

The separate state of Andhra was formed in 1953 following the death of Potti Sriramulu. Jawaharlal Nehru was initially hesitant about linguistic reorganization, fearing it would encourage regionalism, and only accepted it after the success of the Andhra movement and the subsequent States Reorganisation Commission report.

The weekly newspaper Yugantar was founded in April 1906 by Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Abhinash Bhattacharya, and Bhupendranath Dutta. It became a mouthpiece for the revolutionary movement in Bengal.

Annie Besant authored 'How India Wrought for Freedom', 'The Future of Indian Politics', and 'The Case for India'. 'India Old and New' was written by Valentine Chirol.