Modern Indian History

Which of the following problems India was faced with after independence?

Directions: Read the following passage & answer the question that follows:
           
The strength of Indian democracy lies in its tradition in its tradition in the fusion of the ideas of democracy and national the Indian nationalist movement long before independence, although the British retained supreme authority in India until 1947, the provincial elections of 1937 provided real exercise in democratic practice before national independence during the pacific war India was not overrun or seriously invaded by the Japanese and after the war was over the transfer of power to a government of the Indian congress party was a peaceful one as far as Britain was concerned . by 1947 Indianization had already gone far in the Indian civil service and army , so that the new government could start with effective instrument of central control .
After independence however, India was faced with two vast problem; the first that of economic growth from a very low level of production and the second that of ethnic diversity and the aspirations of sub nationalities. the congress leadership was more aware of the former problem than of the second as a new political elite which had rebelled not only against the British Raj but also against India’s old social order they were conscious of the need to initiate economic development and undertake social reforms, but as nationalists who had led a struggle against alien rule on behalf of all parts of India, they took the cohesion of the Indian nation too much for granted and underestimated the centrifugal forces of ethnic division which were bound to be accentuated rather than diminished as the popular masses were more and a more drawn. Into politics . the congress party was originally opposed to the idea of recognizing any divisions of India on a linguistic basis and preferred to retain the old provinces of British India which often cut across linguistic boundaries; it was only in response to strong pressures from below that the principle of linguistic states was conceded as the basic for a federal Indian union the right granted to the states created new problems for the central government. the idea of making Hindi the national language of a united India was thwarted by the recalcitrance of the speakers of other important Indian languages, and the autonomy of the states rendered central economic planning extremely difficult. land reforms remained under the control of the states and many large-scale economic projects required a degree of co-operation between the central government and one or more of the states which it was found impossible to achieve.