Diversity in Living Organisms

Humans looks different as they age. Height and weight increases with the time. All living things grow and change. Ultimately, all living things grow old and die. Non-living things do not grow.

Bryophyta includes the simplest and primitive land plants, which are characterised by the persence of independent gametophyte and parasitic sporophyte. They are non-vascular land plants with undifferentiated plant body. the plant body is not divided into true leaves, stem and roots. In all bryophytes the ecologically persistent, photosynthetic phase of the life cycle is the haploid, gametophyte generation rather than the diploid sporophyte; bryophyte sporophytes are very short-lived, are attached to and nutritionally dependent on their gametophytes and consist of only an unbranched stalk, or seta, and a single, terminal sporangium. 

Bryophytes are the non-vascular terrestrial plants of moist habitats in which a multicellular diploid sporophyte lives as a parasite on an independent multicellular haploid gametophyte. Bryophytes include the mosses and liverworts that are found commonly growing in moist shaded areas in the hills. The plant body of bryophytes is more differentiated than that of algae. It is thallus-like and maybe prostrate or erect. They lack true roots. The plant body is attached to the substratum by root-like structures called rhizoids. The rhizoids may be unicellular or multicellular.

Funaria is a genus of approximately 200 species of moss. These are primitive multicellular, autotrophic, shade-loving, amphibious plants. They reproduce by spore formation. They have no vascular system. Conducting tissue present is parenchyma. Root like structures called rhizoids are present. They show alternation of generation i.e., the gametophytic stage alternates with the sporophytic stage.

In Marchantia, both the elater mother cells and spore mother cells are derived from the same sporogenous tissue within the capsule, thus belonging to the same generation.

• Urostyle is a long bone formed from fused vertebrae at the base of the vertebral column in some lower vertebrates, especially frogs and toads.
• In frog Eighth vertebra is amphicoelous and the 9th vertebra is biconvex and is attached to urostyle on the posterior side.
• Hence the Last vertebra of the frog is Urosyyle.
• So, the correct answer is 'Urostyle'.

Sycon is a marine sponge belonging to the phylum Porifera, and it exhibits indirect development via a larval stage, not direct development. Therefore, the pairing of sycon with direct development is the mismatch.

Bats use echolocation, which involves emitting ultrasonic sounds and listening to the echoes to navigate and hunt in the dark.

So the correct answer is 'instinctual'.

Fish are given food at the same time as a tap on their glass bowl and soon learn to approach when a tap sounds even in the absence of food - it is an example of Classical conditioning.

A form of learning that occurs during a brief genetically determined critical period shortly after birth is called as imprinting. Habituation occurs throughout the life where individual learn to ignore the irrelevant stimuli. Reflex is a response to external or internal stimuli experienced throughout the life. Instinct and dominance are innate behaviours. The correct answer is D.

Instinct is a kind of behaviour which does not involve any prior learning and is inherent and automatic. Thus, the loss of sensitivity to unimportant stimuli is a natural act which is instinctive in nature. For example, dancing of honeybees in the direction of food, animal fighting and courtship behaviour are are instinct behaviour. 

Imprinting is a form of learning that occurs during a brief genetically determined critical period shortly after birth. Habituation is the most complicated form of learned behavior and includes applying something already learned to a new situation without a period of trial and error. The reasoning is making the concept of cause and effect in particular context. Reflex and dominance occur during a late phase of life. 

Both habituation and imprinting are simple learned behaviours. Both are non associative learning process which means not associated with any reward or punishment. In habituation, the animal becomes habituated to the specific type of stimulus after repeated exposure. In imprinting, the learned behaviour occurs at a particular stage of maturation process in life. It mostly occurs in early stage of life of animals. Like the animal first recognizes the mother. This behaviour helps the animal in their survival in young age.