Biology

Human Immunity and Blood

2,051 Questions

Human immunity and blood questions cover the physiological mechanisms protecting the body against diseases and the components of blood. Topics include blood groups, cell mediated immunity, monoclonal antibodies, and blood coagulation. These biology topics frequently appear in general science sections of competitive exams.

Blood groupsCell mediated immunityMonoclonal antibodiesBlood coagulationCancer immunology

Human Immunity and Blood Questions

Multiple choice zoology immunity phagocytosis cells in immune system immune system, its cells, mediators and antigens

B-lymphocytes differentiate and mature in

  1. Bone marrow

  2. Bursa of Fabricus

  3. Thymus

  4. Both A and B
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation
  • B cell activation occurs in the secondary lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes. 
  • After B cells mature in the bone marrow, they migrate through the blood secondary lymphoid organs to which receive a constant supply of antigen through circulating lymph.
  •  In birds, the bursa of Fabricius is the site of hematopoiesis, a specialized organ that is necessary for B cell development in birds. 
  • Hence, B-lymphocytes differentiate and mature in Bone marrow and Bursa of Fabricius. 
  • So, the correct answer is 'Both A and B'.
Multiple choice zoology immunity phagocytosis cells in immune system immune system, its cells, mediators and antigens

Cytotoxic T-cells are similar to natural killler cells in secretion of 

  1. Interferons

  2. Lysozymes

  3. Perforins

  4. Prostaglandins
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation
  • Perforin is a pore-forming cytolytic protein found in the granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and Natural Killer cells (NK cells). 
  • Upon degranulation, perforin binds to the target cell's plasma membrane, and oligomerises in a Ca2+ dependent manner to form pores on the target cell.
  • Hence, Cytotoxic T-cells are similar to natural killer cells in the secretion of Perforins.
  •  So, the correct answer is 'Perforins'.
Multiple choice zoology immunity phagocytosis cells in immune system immune system, its cells, mediators and antigens

The site of production of ADA in the the body is _____________.

  1. Erythrocytes

  2. Lymphocytes

  3. Blood plasma

  4. Osteocytes
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Lymphocytes are kind of white blood cells present in the bone marrow. ADA (adenosine deaminase) is an enzyme that is present in lymphocytes and is very important for the immune system to function. Its primary function in humans is the development and maintenance of the immune system.

Multiple choice zoology immunity phagocytosis cells in immune system immune system, its cells, mediators and antigens

T-cells in lymph nodes

  1. occur predominantly in the medullary region

  2. are only of the cytotoxic type

  3. are phagocytic

  4. are absent in Di George syndrome
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

T cells are so called because they are predominantly produced in the medullary region of thymus. They recognise  foreign particles (antigen) by a surface expressed, highly variable, T cell receptor (TCR). There are two major types of T cells: the helper T cell and the cytotoxic T cell. As the names suggest helper T cells ‘help’ other cells of the immune system, whilst cytotoxic T cells kill virally infected cells and tumours. T cells with CD4 molecules bind peptides displayed on MHC II molecules. As discussed earlier, such peptides are derived from phagocytized sources, and thus these T cells interact with only with certain special, phagocytic cells. 


So, the correct options are 'Option D'.

Multiple choice zoology immunity phagocytosis cells in immune system immune system, its cells, mediators and antigens

Production of antibody molecules by plasma cells requires interactions of and 

  1. Macrophages; plasma cells

  2. T-helper cells; B-cells

  3. Stromal cells; B-cells

  4. T-suppressor cells; plasma cells
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Plasma cells are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system. Plasma cells originate at the bone marrow and B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibody molecules closely modeled after the receptors and requires interactions with Helper T cells.

So, the correct option is 'T-Helper cells: B cells'.

Multiple choice zoology immunity phagocytosis cells in immune system immune system, its cells, mediators and antigens

Arrange the following sentences in sequential order.
a) Antigen gets broken down into smaller fragments.
b) An antigen is internalised by phagocytosis.
c) An antigen is attracted by chemotaxis and attaches to the cell surface.
d) Antigen fragments binds to the MHC I and MHC II and gets transported to the membrane.

  1. b, c , a, d

  2. c, b, a, d

  3. b, c , d, a

  4. b, a , c, d
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation
An antigen is attracted by chemotaxis and attaches to the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells, such as B-cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. This is followed by antigen processing that includes protein fragmentation (proteolysis) followed by its internalization. Then the antigen is phagocytosed. Its peptide fragments gets transported to the membrane and are expressed as peptide-MHC complex at the cell surface where they can be recognized by the T cell receptor ( TCR ) on a T cell. There are two classes of MHC proteins, MHC class I and MHC class II.
 So, the correct answer is ' c,b,a,d'
Multiple choice zoology immunity phagocytosis cells in immune system immune system, its cells, mediators and antigens

Plasma cells are

  1. inactive T-cells carried in the plasma

  2. B-cells that are actively secreting antibody

  3. formed from blood plasma

  4. the same as memory cells
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Plasma cells are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system. They originate in the bone marrow: B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibody molecules closely modeled after the receptors of the precursor B cell.

So, the correct option is ' B cells that are actively secreting antibody'.

Multiple choice zoology immunity phagocytosis cells in immune system immune system, its cells, mediators and antigens

For a T-cell to recognize an antigen, it must interact with

  1. complement

  2. a macrophage

  3. a B-cell

  4. all of these
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

T cells must be activated by interacting with a professional APC presenting an antigen with their T cell receptor recognizes before they can divide and perform their function. For this, they must interact with a macrophage.

So, the correct option is 'A macrophage'.

Multiple choice zoology immunity phagocytosis cells in immune system immune system, its cells, mediators and antigens

Lymphocytes that activate B-cells and T-cells are

  1. macrophages

  2. cytotoxic T-cells

  3. activator B-cells

  4. helper T-cells
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

The three major types of lymphocyte are T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Lymphocytes can be identified by their large nucleus. T helper cells(TH cells) assist other white blood cells in immunologic processes, including maturation of B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells and activation of cytotoxic  T cells and macrophages These cells are also known as CD4+ T cells because they express the CD4  glycoprotein on their surfaces. Helper T cells become activated when they are presented with peptide antigens by MHC class two molecules, which are expressed on the surface of antigen- presenting cells (APCs).


So, the correct option is 'Option D'.

Multiple choice zoology immunity phagocytosis cells in immune system immune system, its cells, mediators and antigens

Which of the following options is true regarding the B-cells?

  1. They are incapable of leaving lymph tissue to directly confronta foreign antigen

  2. Antibodies produced by B-cells travel in lymph and blood to react with the foreign antigens

  3. Some may develop into plasma cells that secrete antibodies

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

B- cells are the bone marrow cells which are the major components of the immune response. B-cells are produced in the bone marrow, they migrate to the spleen and other secondary lymphoid tissues. B-cells are responsible for generating antibodies to different antigens. 

So, the correct option is 'All of the above'.

Multiple choice bio-chemistry immunity and blood groups blood group blood groups and compatibility advance blood groups and transfusion compatibility of blood groups

Which of the following cells play an important role in failure of transplanted organ?

  1. $CD _4$ cells and $CD _8$ cells

  2. Natural killer cells

  3. Plasma cells

  4. Mast cells
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Transplant rejection is primarily a cell-mediated response. CD4+ (helper) and CD8+ (cytotoxic) T-cells recognize foreign MHC antigens on the donor organ and initiate the destruction of the graft tissue.

Multiple choice bio-chemistry immunity and blood groups blood group blood groups and compatibility advance blood groups and transfusion compatibility of blood groups

Antibody common to blood group $O^-$ and individual with blood group $B^+$ is /are 

  1. Anti -B

  2. Anti A

  3. Both Anti B and Anti A

  4. Anti -RH
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

An individual with blood group O negative lacks A, B, and Rh antigens, meaning their plasma contains anti-A, anti-B, and potentially anti-Rh antibodies. A person with blood group B positive has B antigens on their red blood cells and therefore possesses anti-A antibodies in their plasma.

Multiple choice bio-chemistry immunity and blood groups blood group blood groups and compatibility advance blood groups and transfusion compatibility of blood groups

Persons with blood group A possess

  1. Antigen A and antibodies b

  2. Antigen A and antibodies a

  3. No antigen but antibodies a and b

  4. Antigens A and B but no antibodies.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Individuals with blood group A have antigen A on the surface of their red blood cells and anti-B antibodies (often denoted as b) in their plasma.

Multiple choice bio-chemistry immunity and blood groups blood group blood groups and compatibility advance blood groups and transfusion compatibility of blood groups

Blood transfusion is possible between groups

  1. Donor A and recipient O

  2. Donor B and recipient A

  3. Donor AB and recipient O

  4. Donor AB and recipient AB
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Blood transfusion is safe when the recipient does not have antibodies against the donor's antigens. AB individuals have both A and B antigens, so they can receive blood from AB donors (as they have no anti-A or anti-B antibodies).

Multiple choice bio-chemistry immunity and blood groups blood group blood groups and compatibility advance blood groups and transfusion compatibility of blood groups

O blood group is universal donor because the blood has

  1. Antigen A

  2. Antigen B

  3. Both antigens A and B

  4. No antigens.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Individuals with blood group O have neither A nor B antigens on their red blood cells, which prevents the recipient's antibodies from reacting with the donor's cells.