Human Immunity and Blood

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) display antigens on their surface via MHC molecules to T-cells, which is a critical step in initiating cell-mediated immunity.

• A T cell or T lymphocyte is a type of lymphocyte that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. T cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells, by the presence of a T-cell receptor on the cell surface. They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus.
  
• B cells, also known as B lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system by secreting antibodies. B-cells bind to an antigen, receive help from a cognate helper T cell and differentiate into a plasma cell that secretes large amounts of antibodies and help in phagocytosis.
  
• Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.
  

• The acquired immunity involves two types of cells: B-cells and T-cells.T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, whereas B cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity (relating to antibodies).
• Like all blood cells, B(B lymphocyte)- and T-cells9T-lymphocyte) are produced in the bone marrow. B-cells mature in the bone marrow and  T-cells travel through the bloodstream to the thymus gland and mature in the thymus gland.
• Hence B- and T-cells required for the immune system are produced in Bone marrow.
• So, the correct answer is 'Bone marrow'.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a collection of genes coding for MHC molecules found on the surface of all nucleated cells of the body. There are two classes of MHC molecules involved in adaptive immunity, MHC I and MHC II. MHC I molecules are found on all nucleated cells, they present normal self-antigens as well as abnormal or non-self pathogens to the effector T cells involved in cellular immunity. In contrast, MHC II molecules are only found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells; they present abnormal or non-self pathogen antigens for the initial activation of T cells.

There are 2 forms of MHC, namely MHC class I and class II proteins. They play important role in the adaptive immunity. They present peptides on the cell surface for recognition by T cells. Helper T cells are part of adaptive immunity. They recognize and activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy foreign bodies. They also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. B cells are part of humoral immune response. They recognize soluble antigens. Antigen-presenting cell (APC) are those cells with detects, engulfs and digests antigen. 

Interferons are antiviral proteins produced by virus-infected cells that protect uninfected cells from viral replication, but they do not directly kill viruses. B-cells produce antibodies, T-cells mediate cell-mediated immunity, and macrophages are phagocytic.

IgD provides the activation signals to the B cells by acting as antigen receptors on the B cell surface. The B cells on being activated begins the immune defense mechanism of the body. So, the correct option is 'IgD'.

B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system by secreting antibodies. BCRs allow the B cell to bind to a specific antigen, against which it will initiate an antibody response. They provide immunity by producing antibodies.

So, the correct option is 'producing antibodies'.

T cells (thymus cells) and B cells ( bone marrow- or bursa-derived cells) are the major cellular components of the adaptive immune response. T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, whereas B cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity (relating to antibodies).

Organ transplant rejection is primarily a cell-mediated immune response. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) recognize foreign MHC molecules on the transplanted tissue and destroy the cells.

T-lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow but differentiated in thymus glands. T lymphocytes play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells by the presence of a T-cell receptor  on the cell surface. They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus.

Histiocytes destroy bacteria by phagocytosis. A histiocyte is an animal cell that is part of the mononuclear phagocyte system also known as the reticuloendothelial system or lymphoreticular system. The mononuclear phagocytic system is part of the organism's immune system. The histiocyte is a tissue macrophage or a dendritic cell.

WBCs fight against the infections. White blood cells account for only about 1 percent of the blood but their impact is significant. White blood cells, also called leukocytes, are essential for good health and protection against illness and disease. Think of white blood cells as your immunity cells. In a sense, they are continually at war. They flow through your bloodstream to battle viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders that threaten your health. When your body is in distress and a particular area is under attack, white blood cells rush in to help destroy the harmful substance and prevent illness. Thus, option A is correct. 

Associated lymphoid organs are composed of lymphoid tissue, and are the sites either of lymphocyte production, or of lymphocyte activation.