Human Excretion and Kidney Physiology

Cancer caused in lungs, kidneys and stomach is called as carcinoma.

All of the above are absorbed. Thus, waste alone that is primarily in the form of urea enters into collecting tubules from various renal tubules.

The urine would be more dilute. Loop of Henle performs counter current along with vasa recta thereby making urine hypertonic. Longer the loop of Henle, the greater will be the hypertonicity of urine. Hence, in absence of it, urine would be more diluted.

Aldosterone helps in the reabsorbtion of Na+ and water in the distal part of the renal tubule, hence it increases GFR and regulates urine volume. ADH or vasopressin increases blood pressure and regulates blood volume. Both of them perform together and one’s function gives feedback to the other.

Vasopressin regulates water re-absorption.

Bicarbonate is the principal buffer of blood plasma. It consists of bicarbonate (HCO-3) and carbonic acid (H2CO3) as the base and acid members respectively. The bicarbonate buffer neutralizes stronger dietary and metabolic acids changing them to corresponding conjugate bases.

It is a simple procedure in which sample of spinal fluid is taken for diagnostic purpose. No catheterzation is required for a general patient.

This is the correct answer as this statement is correct. Ureters are the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Breakdown of heme to bilirubin occurs in macrophages of the reticulo-endothelial system. Major sites of bilirubin production are spleen and other compartments of reticuloendothelial system, which degrade the haemoglobin of injured RBCs. Other sites are liver and bone marrow.

Liver and kidneys maintain blood sugar in normal concentration, when it gets low or high.

In diabetes insipidus, urination is frequent and copious resulting in loss of water from the body.

Reabsorption of water is carried out by ADH in kidneys.

In medicine, dialysis, meaning dissolution, (dia, meaning through, and lysis, meaning (loosening or splitting)) is a process for removing waste and excess water from the blood, and is used primarily to provide an artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with renal failure. Dialysis may be used for those with an acute disturbance in kidney function (acute kidney injury, previously acute renal failure), or progressive but chronically worsening kidney function – a state known as chronic kidney disease.

Wastes in the blood come from the normal breakdown of active tissues, such as muscles, and from food. The body uses food for energy and self-repairs. After the body has taken what it needs from food, wastes are sent to the blood. If the kidneys did not remove them, these wastes would build up in the blood and damage the body. When nitrogenous waste products accumulate in the blood, it is an indication that the kidneys are not functioning properly.

Yes, it is correct as only statement c is incorrect. Aldosterone acts mainly at the renal tubules and stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ and water and excretion of K+ and phosphate ions.