Biology

Human Excretion and Kidney Physiology

1,215 Questions

Human excretion and kidney physiology questions test your understanding of the excretory system, including the role of renal tubules and glomerular filtration. You will also find topics on urine formation, body water absorption, and excretory products. This section is vital for medical and general science exam preparation.

Glomerular filtrationRenal tubule absorptionExcretory productsRole of sodium ionsHuman excretory system

Human Excretion and Kidney Physiology Questions

Multiple choice

Juxta glomerular apparatus(JGA) is a special sensitive region formed by cellular modifications. JGA is formed in which of the following?

a. Distal convoluted tubule b. Afferent arteriole c. Glomerulus

  1. Only a

  2. Only a and b

  3. Only b

  4. Only b and c

  5. Only c
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

This is the correct option. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized structure formed by the distal convoluted tubule and the glomerular afferent arteriole.

Multiple choice

Kidney functioning is efficiently monitored and regulated by hormonal feedback mechanisms. Which of the following is/are involved in it?

a. Heart b. Hypothalamus c. Juxta glomerular apparatus

  1. only a

  2. only a and b

  3. only a and c

  4. only b and c

  5. a, b and c
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
E Correct answer
Explanation

This is the correct option as the heart, hypothalamus and juxta glomerular apparatus monitor and regulate the functioning of kidneys by hormonal feedback mechanisms.

Multiple choice

Which of the following statements is/are false?

a. The collecting duct extends from the cortex of the kidney to the inner parts of the medulla. b. Each human kidney has nearly one million complex tubular structures called Columns of Bertini. c. The collecting duct can reabsorb large amounts of water to produce a concentrated urine.

  1. Only a

  2. Only a and b

  3. Only b

  4. Only b and c

  5. Only c
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

This is the correct option as this statement is false. Each human kidney has nearly one million complex tubular structures called nephrons.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is not a property of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?

  1. It is lined by simple cuboidal brush border epithelium.

  2. It absorbs all the essential nutrients.

  3. 70-80 percent of electrolytes and water is reabsorbed by this segment.

  4. It helps to maintain the pH and ionic balance of the body fluids.

  5. It plays a significant role in the maintenance of high osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
E Correct answer
Explanation

This is the correct option as this is not a property of Proximal Convoluted Tubule. Henle's Loop plays a significant role in the maintenance of high osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid.

Multiple choice

Which of the following animals excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of pellet/paste with a minimum loss of water?

a. Reptiles b. Birds c. Mammals d. Aquatic amphibians

  1. Only a and b

  2. Only a and c

  3. Only a and d

  4. Only b and c

  5. Only b and d
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

This is the correct option as reptiles and birds excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of pellet/paste with a minimum loss of water. They are called as uricotelic animals.

Multiple choice

The tubular epithelial cells in different segments of nephron perform reabsorption either by active or by passive mechanisms. Which of the following substances in the filtrate are reabsorbed by active mechanism?

a. Nitrogeneous waste b. Water c. Glucose d. Amino acids

  1. Only a and c

  2. Only a and b

  3. Only a and d

  4. Only c and d

  5. Only b and c
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

This is the correct option. Glucose and amino acids in the filtrate are reabsorbed by active mechanism.

Multiple choice

Match the following:

 
a. Uremia 1. In this, malfunctioning of kidneys leads to accumulation of urea in blood.
b. Renal calculi 2. In this, inflammation of glomeruli of kidney occurs.
c. Glomerulonephritis 3. In this, stone or insoluble mass of crystallised salts are formed within the kidney.

  1. a - 1, b - 3, c - 2

  2. a - 1, b - 2, c - 3

  3. a - 3, b - 1, c - 2

  4. a - 3, b - 2, c - 1

  5. a - 2, b - 3, c - 1
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

This is the correct option. Uremia is a condition in which malfunctioning of kidneys leads to accumulation of urea in blood. Renal calculi is a condition in which stone or insoluble mass of crystallised salts are formed within the kidney. Glomerulonephritis is a condition in which inflammation of glomeruli of kidney occurs.

Multiple choice

Which of the following statements is/are false?

a. Atrial Natriuretic Factor can cause dilation of blood vessels and thus, increase the blood pressure. b. Presence of Glycosuria and Ketonuria in urine are indicative of diabetes mellitus. c. Osmoreceptors in the body are activated by changes in blood volume, body fluid volume and ionic concentration.

  1. Only a

  2. Only a and b

  3. Only b

  4. Only b and c

  5. Only c
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

This is the correct option as this statement is false. Atrial Natriuretic Factor can cause dilation of blood vessels and thus, decrease the blood pressure.

Multiple choice

Which of the following could replace 'vital' as used in the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and select the most suitable option according to the corresponding number in the passage.

Kidneys are considered "vital organs," meaning they perform functions essential to your health. Your kidneys purify your blood. The filtered-out waste and water are called urine. The most common causes of kidney malfunction are diabetes and high blood pressure. Some kidney diseases are hereditary. If your family has a history of any kind of kidney problems, mention them to your health care provider. You might be at risk. As the disease progresses, you might notice you're urinating more or less frequently. You might feel queasy or lose your appetite. Some people experience numbness or swelling in the hands or feet. Others have muscle cramp. You might feel drowsy or have a difficult time concentrating.

  1. central

  2. desirable

  3. alive

  4. critical
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

The passage states kidneys are 'vital organs' because they perform functions essential to health. 'Critical' best captures this sense of being absolutely necessary or crucial, unlike 'central,' 'desirable,' or 'alive.'

Multiple choice

Which of the following could replace 'queasy' as used in the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and select the most suitable option according to the corresponding number in the passage.

Kidneys are considered "vital organs," meaning they perform functions essential to your health. Your kidneys purify your blood. The filtered-out waste and water are called urine. The most common causes of kidney malfunction are diabetes and high blood pressure. Some kidney diseases are hereditary. If your family has a history of any kind of kidney problems, mention them to your health care provider. You might be at risk. As the disease progresses, you might notice you're urinating more or less frequently. You might feel queasy or lose your appetite. Some people experience numbness or swelling in the hands or feet. Others have muscle cramp. You might feel drowsy or have a difficult time concentrating.

  1. disgusting

  2. drained

  3. nauseous

  4. sea sick
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Queasy is feeling uneasy with discomfort and disgust.

Multiple choice

Which of the following could replace 'hereditary' as used in the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and select the most suitable option according to the corresponding number in the passage.

Kidneys are considered "vital organs," meaning they perform functions essential to your health. Your kidneys purify your blood. The filtered-out waste and water are called urine. The most common causes of kidney malfunction are diabetes and high blood pressure. Some kidney diseases are hereditary. If your family has a history of any kind of kidney problems, mention them to your health care provider. You might be at risk. As the disease progresses, you might notice you're urinating more or less frequently. You might feel queasy or lose your appetite. Some people experience numbness or swelling in the hands or feet. Others have muscle cramp. You might feel drowsy or have a difficult time concentrating.

  1. transmissible

  2. traditional

  3. genetic

  4. inbuilt
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

'Hereditary' refers to traits passed from parents to children. 'Genetic' is the closest synonym as it relates to genes. 'Transmissible' incorrectly suggests contagion, while 'traditional' and 'inbuilt' don't capture the inherited nature.

Multiple choice

Which of the following could replace 'filtered- out' as used in the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and select the most suitable option according to the corresponding number in the passage.

Kidneys are considered "vital organs," meaning they perform functions essential to your health. Your kidneys purify your blood. The filtered-out waste and water are called urine. The most common causes of kidney malfunction are diabetes and high blood pressure. Some kidney diseases are hereditary. If your family has a history of any kind of kidney problems, mention them to your health care provider. You might be at risk. As the disease progresses, you might notice you're urinating more or less frequently. You might feel queasy or lose your appetite. Some people experience numbness or swelling in the hands or feet. Others have muscle cramp. You might feel drowsy or have a difficult time concentrating.

  1. refined

  2. drained

  3. cultured

  4. distilled
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Kidneys filter waste from blood, which is then removed. 'Drained' best captures this removal process. 'Refined' implies improvement, 'cultured' is biological growth, and 'distilled' is a specific purification method not applicable here.

Multiple choice

Which of the following could replace 'malfunction' as used in the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and select the most suitable option according to the corresponding number in the passage.

Kidneys are considered "vital organs," meaning they perform functions essential to your health. Your kidneys purify your blood. The filtered-out waste and water are called urine. The most common causes of kidney malfunction are diabetes and high blood pressure. Some kidney diseases are hereditary. If your family has a history of any kind of kidney problems, mention them to your health care provider. You might be at risk. As the disease progresses, you might notice you're urinating more or less frequently. You might feel queasy or lose your appetite. Some people experience numbness or swelling in the hands or feet. Others have muscle cramp. You might feel drowsy or have a difficult time concentrating.

  1. failure

  2. flaw

  3. breakdown

  4. glitch
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer