Biology

Human Excretion and Kidney Physiology

1,215 Questions

Human excretion and kidney physiology questions test your understanding of the excretory system, including the role of renal tubules and glomerular filtration. You will also find topics on urine formation, body water absorption, and excretory products. This section is vital for medical and general science exam preparation.

Glomerular filtrationRenal tubule absorptionExcretory productsRole of sodium ionsHuman excretory system

Human Excretion and Kidney Physiology Questions

Multiple choice

What happens to the excess carbohydrates in the body?

  1. They break down into urea and excrete out of the body with urine.

  2. They dissolve into water and excrete out of the body with urine.

  3. They get dissolved in the blood of the body.

  4. They get converted into fat and stored in the form of fats and lipids below the skin.

  5. The take the form of vitamin C after digestion in stomach.

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

The excess carbohydrates in the body get converted and stored in the form of fats and lipids below the skin.
 

Multiple choice

Regarding the human kidneys, which among the following statements is false?

  1. The renal cortex lies outside the medulla.

  2. The right kidney lies lower than the left kidney.

  3. The renal veins drain directly into the inferior vena cava.

  4. The link between the kidney and the bladder is the urethra.

  5. The renal cortex contains all the glomeruli.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

The link between the kidneys and the bladder is the ureter. The urethra drains urine out of the bladder.

Multiple choice

Considering the glomerular filtration, which among the following statements is true?

  1. The main site of glomerular filtration is the loop of Henle.

  2. Bowman's capsule surrounds the perinephric fat.

  3. The filtration barrier contains three layers of cells.

  4. Constriction of the afferent arterioles increases filtration.

  5. Small molecules are more easily filtered than large molecules.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
E Correct answer
Explanation

Glomerular filtration of molecules depends on their size and their charge. Small molecules are filtered more because they pass through the filtration barrier more easily than large molecules.

Multiple choice

Which of the following statements concerning sodium and water regulation by kidneys is NOT true?

  1. Body volume is regulated by changing body sodium content and maintaining a normal osmolality.

  2. Body osmolality is usually regulated by changing body water content by keeping body sodium content constant.

  3. Stretch receptors provide information about body volume.

  4. The receptors in the pituitary provide information about osmolality.

  5. Renal sodium excretion is the main influence on body volume.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Body osmolality is sensed in the hypothalamus by osmoreceptors which influence thirst (water intake) and ADH (anti-diuretic hormone or vasopressin) secretion (which influences water output by the kidneys).

Multiple choice

Which of the following statements is true for glomerular filtration?

  1. The main site of glomerular filtration is the loop of Henle.

  2. Bowman's capsule surrounds the perinephric fat.

  3. The filtration barrier accomodates two layers of cells.

  4. Constriction of the afferent arterioles enhances filtration.

  5. Glomerular filtration of molecules is independent of their size and charge.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The filtration barrier is made up of two layers of cells and the basement membrane which lies between them. These two layers of cells in the filtration barrier are the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries and the epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule .

Multiple choice

Which of the following statements is correct for acid base regulation in the body?

  1. A rise in the plasma level of bicarbonate ions lowers the pH of plasma.

  2. The pH of a buffer solution is always 7.0.

  3. Carbon dioxide directly raises the pH of body fluids.

  4. Overall human metabolism results in acid production.

  5. Buffers present in kidneys must be strong acids or bases.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions are effectively a buffer pair.  If carbon dioxide is added to body fluids, the direct effect is the production of carbonic acid and thus a rise in the pH as some of this carbonic acid dissociates to produce free H+ ions.

Multiple choice

Uremia is caused due to

  1. malfunctioning of heart

  2. malfunctioning of liver

  3. malfunctioning of urethra

  4. malfunctioning of kidney

  5. insect bite
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Uremia is caused due to malfunctioning of kidney. It results in high fever and fatigue.

Multiple choice

To store blood, some anticoagulant is added. It can be

  1. NaCl

  2. Sodium oxalate

  3. KCl

  4. Thromboplastin
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Sodium oxalate prevents blood clotting by binding calcium ions, which are essential cofactors in the coagulation cascade. By removing calcium, the anticoagulant disrupts the clotting process and keeps blood in liquid form for storage.

Multiple choice

Jaundice is caused by malfunctioning of

  1. kidney

  2. liver

  3. heart

  4. stomach
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Jaundice is caused by the buildup of bilirubin, a yellow pigment produced when red blood cells break down. The liver normally processes and excretes bilirubin, so liver malfunction (hepatitis, cirrhosis, etc.) leads to jaundice. The other organs (kidney, heart, stomach) are not primarily responsible for bilirubin processing.

Multiple choice

In the human body, excess of amino acids are stored in

  1. liver

  2. kidney

  3. spleen

  4. none of these
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

The human body cannot store excess amino acids. Unlike fats and glucose, there's no amino acid storage depot. Excess amino acids are deaminated (nitrogen removed) and the carbon skeletons are used for energy or converted to fat, while nitrogen is excreted as urea.