The kidney performs multiple functions including pH regulation (through bicarbonate reabsorption and hydrogen ion secretion), mineral level regulation (sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate), and urea formation (though urea is primarily produced in liver, kidney regulates its concentration). Erythropoiesis (RBC production) occurs in bone marrow - the kidney secretes erythropoietin that stimulates it, but does not directly perform erythropoiesis.