Cell Biology and Structure

All are organelles of plant cells except centrioles. Centrioles only found in animal cells. It involves in the formation of spindle fibres during the cell division to separate chromosomes. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Anaerobic respiration takes place in the the cytoplasm of the cell, at a distance from mitochondria. After the glycolysis, pyruvate is further oxidised anaerobically producing energy which is much less than that produced aerobically.

Glycolysis takes place in the anaerobic condition in the cytosol of cytoplasm in all cells, Krebs cycle takes place in the aerobic condition in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells.

In electron transport chain, there are 7 electron acceptors, which are as follows $Co-Q\rightarrow Cyt \,b\rightarrow Cyt \,{c} _{1} \rightarrow Cyt \,c\rightarrow Cyt a\rightarrow Cyt \,{a} _{3}\rightarrow{O} _{2}$. Oxygen is the ultimate electron acceptor. These electron acceptors are present in a specific sequence along inner mitochondrial membrane.

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids. It is involved in the secretion of mucin and slime in various biological contexts.

In the presence of NaCl in the environment causes exosmosis and removes water from the cell. Once the water leaves the elodea cell, the membrane collapses into the center of the cell with the other remaining organelles. At this point, the plasma membrane is clearly visible.

Radiation therapy works by damaging the DNA of rapidly dividing cells, which prevents them from replicating. Cancer cells are characterized by their rapid and uncontrolled division.

Metastasis, or metastatic disease, is the spread of a cancer disease from one organ or part to another not directly connected with it. Metastasis depends on the cancer cells acquiring two separate abilities -- increased motility and invasiveness. Cells that metastasize are basically of the same kind as those in the original tumor. If a cancer arises in the lung and metastasizes to the liver, the cancer cells in the liver are lung cancer cells. However, the cells have acquired increased motility and the ability to invade another organ.

One of the hallmarks of human cancers is the intrinsic or acquired resistance to apoptosis. Evasion of apoptosis may contribute to carcinogenesis, tumor progression and also to treatment resistance, since most current anticancer therapies including chemotherapy, radio- and immunotherapy primarily act by activating cell death pathways including apoptosis in cancer cells.

HeLa  is an immortal cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line. The line was derived from cervical cancer cells taken on February 8, 1951 from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who died of cancer on October 4, 1951. The cell line was found to be remarkably durable and prolific which warrants its extensive use in scientific research. The cells from Lacks's cancerous cervical tumor were taken without her knowledge or consent. Cell biologist George Otto Gey found that they could be kept alive, and isolated one specific cell, multiplied it, and developed a cell line. (Before this, cells cultured from other human cells would only survive for a few days; scientists spent more time trying to keep the cells alive than performing actual research on them. Cells from Lacks's tumor behaved differently.) As was custom for Gey's lab assistant, she labeled the culture 'HeLa', the first two letters of the patient's first and last name; this became the name of the cell line. These were the first human cells grown in a lab that were naturally "immortal", meaning that they do not die after a set number of cell divisions (i.e. cellular senescence). These cells could be used for conducting a multitude of medical experiments—if the cells died, they could simply be discarded and the experiment attempted again on fresh cells from the culture. This represented an enormous boon to medical and biological research, as previously stocks of living cells were limited and took significant effort to culture.

• Deutoplasm is the nutritive material present in the egg for development and nourishment of embryo. It is a non-living portion of the egg.
• Deutoplam is present in the yolk of eggs. Sometimes yolk and deutoplasm are used synonymously.