Botany and Plant Science

The exine layer of a pollen grain is exceptionally hard and resistant to high temperatures, strong acids, and alkalis because it is chiefly composed of sporopollenin, a remarkably durable organic polymer. Cellulose and pectocellulose make up the intine layer, while lipids are found in various pollen coatings.

Because it is formed by separate fertilization, the endosperm constitutes an organism separate from the growing embryo. About 70% of angiosperm species have endosperm cells that are polyploid. These are typically triploid (containing three sets of chromosomes). So, the correct option is C. ( Triploid nutritive tissue )

In grass embryos, the single large, shield-shaped cotyledon is known as the scutellum. It functions to absorb nutrients from the endosperm during seed germination.

Helobial endosperm is an intermediate between nuclear and cellular types. Helobial endosperm formation is a type of endosperm formation, where a cell wall is laid down between the first two nuclei, after which one half develops endosperm along the cellular pattern and the other half along the nuclear pattern.

Cellular endosperm formation - where a cell wall formation is coincident with nuclear divisions. Coconut meat is cellular endosperm. Acoraceae has cellular endosperm development while other monocots are helobial. Examples are: Gentianaceae, Adoxa and Peperomia.

Nuclear endosperm formation - where repeated free nuclear divisions take place; if a cell wall is formed, it will form after free nuclear divisions. Commonly, referred to as liquid endosperm. Coconut juice is an example of this.
Helobial endosperm formation - where a cell wall is laid down between the first two nuclei, after which one half develops endosperm along the cellular pattern and the other half along the nuclear pattern.

The three principal types of endosperm formation found in angiosperms—nuclear, cellular and helobial and are classified on the basis of when the cell wall forms. In nuclear endosperm formation, repeated free-nuclear divisions take place; if a cell wall is formed, it will form after free-nuclear division. In cellular endosperm formation, cell-wall formation is coincident with nuclear divisions. In helobial endosperm formation, a cell wall is laid down between the first two nuclei, after which one half develops endosperm along the cellular pattern and the other half along the nuclear pattern. 

The endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein. It is formed by the fusion of secondary nucleus and one of the male gamete.

Mature sieve tube elements in phloem are living cells that lack a nucleus at maturity to facilitate the transport of nutrients. Parenchyma, meristematic cells, and tracheids typically retain their nuclei.

The scutellum is a modified, shield-shaped cotyledon found in monocot embryos, specifically in the grass family, which functions to absorb nutrients from the endosperm.

Germplasm is a living tissue from which new plants can be grown. It can be a seed or another plant part like a leaf, a piece of stem, pollen or even just a few cells that can be turned into a whole plant. Germplasm contains the information for a species genetic makeup, a valuable natural resource of plant diversity. 

Translocation of prepared food occurs through the phloem. Bicollateral vascular bundles have two patches of phloem. Bicollateral vascular bundles show following arrangement of vascular tissue, outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium, inner phloem. These vascular bundles can transport much more amount of sugars than collateral vascular bundles having only a single patch of phloem. Bicollateral vascular bundles are common in Family Cucurbitaceae with large leaves, large fruits called Pepo and thin weak stems.