Tag: biotechnology

Questions Related to biotechnology

Which of the following is not component of downstream processing ____________.

botany biotechnology: principles and processes downstream processing biotechnology biotechnology and its application

  1. Expression

  2. Separation

  3. Purification

  4. Presentation

Show answer
Correct Option: A

Which is not one of the major categories of biotechnology products ?

botany biotechnology: principles and processes downstream processing biotechnology biotechnology and its application

  1. Hormones and similar proteins

  2. Toxins for use in pest control

  3. DNA probes

  4. Vaccines

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Biotechnology involves the exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, vaccines etc. It also involves various other methods involving production, amplification of DNA segments like DNA probe. 

Instead of production of toxins for use in pest control, biotechnology involves making plants resistant against pest by genetically engineering their genome. 
So, the correct option is 'Toxins for use in pest control'.

Which of the following is not a component of downstreaming processing?

botany biotechnology: principles and processes downstream processing biotechnology biotechnology and its application

  1. Separation

  2. Purification

  3. Preservation

  4. Expression

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:
A widely recognized heuristic for categorizing downstream processing operations divides them into four groups which are applied in order to bring a product from its natural state as a component of a tissue, cell or fermentation broth through progressive improvements in purity and concentration.

Removal of insolubles is the first step and involves the capture of the product as a solute in a particulate-free liquid, for example the separation of cells, cell debris or other particulate matter from fermentation broth containing an antibiotic. Typical operations to achieve this are filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation, precipitation, flocculation, electro-precipitation, and gravity settling. Additional operations such as grinding, homogenization, or leaching, required to recover products from solid sources such as plant and animal tissues, are usually included in this group.

Product isolation is the removal of those components whose properties vary considerably from that of the desired product. For most products, water is the chief impurity and isolation steps are designed to remove most of it, reducing the volume of material to be handled and concentrating the product. Solvent extraction, adsorption, ultrafiltration, and precipitation are some of the unit operations involved.

Product purification is done to separate those contaminants that resemble the product very closely in physical and chemical properties. Consequently steps in this stage are expensive to carry out and require sensitive and sophisticated equipment. This stage contributes a significant fraction of the entire downstream processing expenditure. Examples of operations include affinity, size exclusion, reversed phase chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, crystallization and fractional precipitation.

Product polishing describes the final processing steps which end with packaging of the product in a form that is stable, easily transportable and convenient. Crystallization, desiccation, lyophilization and spray drying are typical unit operations. Depending on the product and its intended use, polishing may also include operations to sterilize the product and remove or deactivate trace contaminants which might compromise product safety. Such operations might include the removal of viruses or depyrogenation.

So the correct option is 'Expression'.

Which among these is produced by distillation of fermented broth?

(i) Whisky (ii) Wine (iii) Beer (iv) Rum (v) Brandy

botany biotechnology: principles and processes downstream processing biotechnology biotechnology and its application

  1. (ii) and (iii) alone

  2. (i) and (ii) alone

  3. (iii) and (v) alone

  4. (i), (iv) and (v) alone

  5. (iii) and (iv) alone

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Both wine and beer are essentially the products of the fermentation process - the fermented broth serves as the basis of the product. Other alcoholic beverages (whisky, rum, brandy) fall under the category of distilled spirits. Distillation is the process by which the alcohol is removed from the fermented broth (or wort) by heating the wort until the alcohol vaporizes, after which it is condensed. When almost pure alcohol is distilled from fermentation, the product is called as grain neutral spirits (GNS). 

Which of the following recent techniques is used for separating fragments of DNA?

botany biotechnology: principles and processes downstream processing biotechnology biotechnology and its application

  1. Eastern blotting

  2. Northern blotting

  3. Southern blotting

  4. Western blotting

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Southern blotting involves DNA digestion, Gel electrophoresis, Blotting, Probe labeling, Hybridization and washing, and detection.

So, the correct option is 'Southern blotting'.

Kohler and Milstein developed biotechnology for production of

biology immunity monoclonal antibodies antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

  1. Modern vaccines

  2. Immobilised enzymes

  3. Monoclonal antibodies

  4. Myelomas

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Monoclonal antibodies are monospecific antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. In 1975, Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein succeeded in making fusions of myeloma cell lines with B cells to produce hybridomas that made antibodies to known antigens. Monoclonal antibodies were first produced by applying the techniques of somatic cell genetics to antibody-producing cells. The cells that produce antibodies (B cells) are short-lived in culture. Thus, attempts to maintain B cells in culture and harvest antibody specificities failed for many years until Cesar Milstein and George Koehler succeeded in immortalising B cells via somatic cell hybridisation.

Hybridomas are used for

biology immunity monoclonal antibodies antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

  1. Synthesis of antibiotics

  2. Killing cancer cells

  3. Synthesis of monoclonal (somaclonal) antibodies

  4. Production of somatic hybrids

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Hybridoma technology is a technology of forming hybrid cell lines (called hybridomas) by fusing an antibody-producing B cell with a myeloma (B cell cancer) cell that is selected for its ability to grow in tissue culture and for an absence of antibody chain synthesis. The antibodies produced by the hybridoma are all of a single specificity and are therefore monoclonal antibodies. So, the correct answer is option C.

The technique of production of monoclonal antibodies was developed by

biology immunity monoclonal antibodies antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

  1. Watson and Crick

  2. Milstein and Kohler

  3. Bentham and Hooker

  4. Meischer

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Milstein and Kohler described the first technique developed for stable monoclonal antibody production.

Fluorescent dye bonded to monoclonal antibodies is used to locate particular.

biology immunity monoclonal antibodies antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

  1. Cell proteins

  2. Cells

  3. Diseased parts

  4. Organs of defence

Show answer
Correct Option: A

Monoclonal antibodies(MAB) are produced from the hybrid cells of B-lymphocytes and myeloma cells. They are used?

biology immunity monoclonal antibodies antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

  1. In the preparation of vaccines

  2. As immunosuppressant's

  3. In the preparation of toxoids

  4. For the detection of DNA probes

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope. Monoclonal antibodies(MAB) are produced from the hybrid cells of B-lymphocytes and myeloma cells. They are used in the preparation of vaccines.

So, the correct option is 'in the preparation of vaccines'.