Tag: biotechnology

Interferons are signaling proteins released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. They cause nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses.

G.M. Findley and McCallum (1937) reported a phenomenon, called viral interference in which the cell infected with one type of virus becomes reisstant to superinfection by other viruses. Alliac Issacs and Lindeman (1957) gave the term interferons to the chemical substances responsible for the viral inference. 

Genetic engineering is the branch of science which deals with the modification of genes. The desired genes is isolated from the host and are inserted into the vectors. The vectors carries the foreign gene into the desired organism and multiples. The foreign gene multiplies along with the vector and produce a new character.

The question is garbled and likely refers to acid rain affecting trees. Vinegar is a common acidic substance, but the comparison in the prompt is nonsensical. Given the options, vinegar is the most acidic substance listed.

Barley contains the largest amount of enzymes necessary for converting starches to ferment sugars. Barley is commonly used in breads, soups, stews though it is primarily grown as animal fodder and as a source of malt for alcoholic beverages, especially beer.
Thus, the correct answer is option (D), 'Barley'.

The industrial production of antibiotics using microorganisms is a core application of biotechnology.

Escherichia coli are Gram-negative, facultative aerobic bacteria. They are common inhabitant of human gut. These strains of E. coli are harmless. They form the part of the normal microbiota of the intestine. They live in symbiotic association. They benefit hosts by producing vitamin K$ _2$ and preventing colonization of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria.

Cheese production involves the coagulation of milk proteins (casein). Protease enzymes, specifically rennet (which contains chymosin), are used to break down proteins and curdle the milk.