World History

The Treaty of Paris was signed between kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugals on 10 February 1763. This was an agreement after Great Britain's victory over France and Spain during the seven years war.

The French East India company was established  in 1664 by Jean-Baptiste Colbert. It was the French trading company established to oversee French commerce with India, eastern Africa, and other territories of the Indian Ocean and the East Indies.

Conflicts of national interest caused the World War II alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union to be replaced by a Cold War that lasted 45 years. Initially a dispute over the future of Europe, it grew to include confrontations around the world. A clash of very different beliefs and ideology capitalism versus communism each held with almost religious conviction formed the basis of an international power struggle with both sides vying for dominance, exploiting every opportunity for expansion anywhere in the world.

The nuclear arms race intensified after the end of Vietnam War as more and more countries competed with each other to stockpile nuclear arms. Companies which produced these arms (called the military-industrial complex) and the governments tried to create a war panic among the common people so that they support greater expenditure of tax payers money on nuclear arms. The USA and the USSR were the front runners in the nuclear arms race.

The United States battled North Vietnam and its adherents in the longest conflict in American history, known as the Vietnam War. The war ended with the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973 and the unification of Vietnam under Communist control two years later in 1975. More than 3 million people, including 58,000 Americans, were killed in the conflict.

The Manhattan Project was the research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons.

Increased European encroachment ultimately led to the colonization and occupation of South Africa by the Dutch. The Cape Colony remained under Dutch rule until 1795 before it fell to the British Crown, before reverting back to Dutch Rule in 1803 and again to British occupation in 1806.

The Ottoman and Safavid empires were strategically located along major trade routes, such as the Silk Road, which allowed foreign trade to flourish significantly.

French was the lingua franca of the European aristocracy and diplomacy during the 18th and 19th centuries.

The Carbonari  were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy. The Italian Carbonari may have further influenced other revolutionary groups in France, Spain, Portugal and possibly Russia. Although their goals often had a patriotic and liberal focus, they lacked a clear immediate political agenda.

This Code was exported to the regions under French control.

In 1867, Garibaldi led an army of volunteers known as Red shirts to Rome to fight the last obstacle to the unification of Italy, the Papal States where a French garrison was stationed. 

The colonisation of Vietnam by the French brought the people of the country into conflict with the colonisers in all areas of life. The most visible form of French control was military and economic domination but the French also built a system that tried to reshape the culture of the Vietnamese. 

In February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist (Vietnam Cong San Dang) Party. It was later renamed as the Indo-Chinese Communist Party. He was inspired by the militant demonstrations of the European communist parties. 

Developments in China also inspired Vietnamese nationalists. In 1911, the long established monarchy in China was overthrown by a popular movement under Sun Yat-sen, and a Republic was set up. Inspired by these developments, Vietnamese students organised the Association for the Restoration of Vietnam (Viet-Nam Quan Phuc Hoi).