Vitamins and Nutrition

Liver is not the source of Vitamin - $B _1$

Hormones acts as stimulator. Hormones are essential for every activity of life, including the processes of digestion, metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood control. Many hormones, such as neurotransmitters, are active in more than one physical process. To release active hormones quickly into the irulation, hormone biosynthetic cells may produce and store biologically inactive hormones in the form of pre- or prohormones. These can then be quickly converted into their active hormone form in response to a particular stimulus.

Liver is the largest organ in the body. It helps in digestion and removes waste products and worn-out cells from the blood. Liver performs many functions, like it forms and secretes bile that contains bile acids to aid in the intestinal absorption of fats and the fat-soluble vitamins as A, D, E, K and $B _{12}$. Hence, it stores vitamins as A, D, E, K and $B _{12}$.

Once a girl starts menstruation, her body needs more iron to make up the amount of iron they lose in their menstrual cycle. During menstruation, blood flows out from the body after a fixed interval. As we know haemoglobin is composed of a protein called globulin, four heme groups, each associated with an iron atom. In the absence of iron the person becomes anemic. So, avoid this condition in females, it is necessary to take more iron in females.

(b) The fruits of Emblica officinalis are great medicinal value and it is one of the richest source of vitamin C.

Vitamin K plays a key role in helping the blood clot, preventing excessive bleeding. Unlike many other vitamins, vitamin K is not typically used as a dietary supplement. Vitamin K is actually a group of compounds. The most important of these compounds appears to be vitamin K1 and vitamin K2

One of the initial steps in blood coagulation is the release of thromboplastin that interacts with other clotting factors and calcium ions. Fibrinogen is a soluble blood protein that becomes insoluble and forms fibrin strands during last steps of clotting. Bilirubin is the breakdown product of hemoglobin. Thus, the correct answer is C.

Coagulation (also known as clotting) is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a clot. The activation of some of the enzymes in the coagulation cascade is dependent on vitamin K. In the presence of other plasma proteins (clotting factors) and calcium ions, this leads to the activation of a protein called as factor X. 

Vitamin K plays an important role in blood clotting. It is required by the body for the synthesis of prothrombin by the liver. Prothrombin is a plasma protein which gets converted into thrombin during the clotting process and thus helps in clotting mechanism. Thus, the correct answer is option B. 

Blood clotting factors are needed for blood to clot (coagulation). Prothrombin, or factor II, is one of the clotting factors made by the liver. Vitamin K is needed to make prothrombin and other clotting factors. So, blood does not clot in the absence of Vitamin K because it is essential for the synthesis of prothrombin and not because it is an essential component of the clot, platelets or essential for fibrinogen. 

Coagulation or clotting is a process where the blood in liquid form turns into a gel. The mechanism involves activation, adhesion and aggregation of platelets and deposition of fibrinogen. Though this is an inactive clotting factor, it helps to clot by the formation of insoluble fibrin.

Fibrinogen is factor I and its source is liver. When fibrinogen is converted into fibrin by thrombin, it forms long strands, that compose the mesh network for clot formation.
Calcium is factor IV and its source is bone and absorption from food in gastrointestinal tract. It works with many clotting factors for activation of the other clotting factors.
Vitamin K is an essential factor to various protein enzymes, that are a part of coagulation cascade.
Vitamin D is found in fish and liver oil and is essential for absorption of calcium.
Thus, the correct answer is option B.

The mechanism of blood clotting involves the presence of calcium and other clotting factors, Factor X activates an enzyme called prothrombin activator. The enzyme prothrombin activator then converts plasma protein prothrombin into thrombin. Thrombin is the enzyme which in turn converts fibrinogen into fibrin. Polymerized fibrin together with platelets forms a clot at the wound site. The prothrombin is a plasma protein synthesized in the liver. Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of prothrombin.