Vaccination and Immunity

Growing viruses in cell cultures allow preparation of purified viruses for the manufacture of vaccines. The injectable polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk was one of the first products mass-produced using cell culture techniques. This vaccine was made possible by the cell culture research of John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller and Frederick Chapman Robbins, who were awarded a Nobel Prize for their discovery of a method of growing the virus in monkey kidney cell cultures.

There are at least 93 serotypes in the world. Though there are 23 prevalent serotypes that cause disease in different parts of the world, but no switching of the bacterium between serotypes is there. Infections with these organisms are common and often infect those with antibody, or innate or combined deficiencies.

The superantigens combine with the framework regions of certain TCR V beta families irrespective of their complementarity determining regions.

Interferon inhibits the intracellular replication of viruses.

The killing early on, in the infection of a virally-infected cell prevents the virus from utilising that cell for replication.

Trypanosomes are susceptible to phagocytosis, although some of the evasion mechanisms they employ will limit the ability of the phagocyte to initially bind the parasite and to subsequently kill the engulfed organism.

IgA with secretory piece is dimeric and is the main Ig which prevents adherence of bacteria to the mucosal surface and opsonizes bacteria for adherence to macrophages with Fc alpha receptors.

Salk polio vaccine is sterilised by formaldehyde (gaseous form).

OPV stands for Oral Polio Vaccine, which is administered orally (through drops) rather than by injection. It's a live attenuated vaccine used to immunize against poliovirus.

Jonas Salk developed the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in 1955. While the option lists 'J. Salk,' his full name was Jonas Salk, so this refers to the same person. Albert Sabin developed the oral polio vaccine (OPV) later.

Hepatitis B vaccine is a virus-like particle based vaccine. Virus-like particle vaccines consist of viral proteins derived from the structural proteins of a virus. These proteins can self-assemble into the virus-like particles which are noninfectious as they lack viral nucleic acid.

Vaccination confers active artificial adaptive immunity. It is artificial because it develops through deliberate action of vaccination. It is active because immunity is induced in the host and lasts longer. It is adaptive because it is specific in action.

Artificial passive immunisation is done for immediate protection.

Baxter Inc. was the first company to roll out an H1N1 (swine flu) vaccine in 2009 during the global pandemic. The company received approval for its vaccine and began distribution during the height of the H1N1 outbreak. This was part of the global response to the 2009 swine flu pandemic.

Louis Pasteur introduced the terms aerobic and anaerobic in describing the growth of yeast at the expense of sugar in the presence or absence of oxygen. He observed that more alcohol was produced in the absence of oxygen when sugar is fermented, which is now termed the Pasteur effect.