Political Systems and Government

Political obligations are generally categorized into four types: legal, moral, social, and religious (or sometimes categorized by their source/nature).

Democracy does need political parties, but they do gain and attain power rather than serve people in their times of needs.

A modern state is a welfare state. The welfare state founded on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. The government of welfare state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the social and economic well-being of its citizens. Hence, State is bigger and more important than its government.

Political association occupying a definite territory, having an organised government and possessing power to make domestic and foreign policies. Governments may change, but the state continues. In common speech, the terms country, nation and state are used as synonyms.

The concept of state sovereignty entails that states are in comprehensive and exclusive control of all the people and property within their territory. State sovereignty also implies that all states are equal as states. As all states are on par with one another, one state cannot interfere with the internal affairs of another state. Essentially, sovereignty demands that one state cannot claim that another state takes any particular internal action. Hence, if the conquest of one country is done by another, the sovereignty of the former gets affected.

The state executive cannot appoint and dismiss the legislature. This authority rests with the President and the governors.

After the end of apartheid, South Africa transitioned into a multi-racial democracy, characterized by the inclusion of all racial groups in the political process.

From coins we learn about the rulers,  their period, governance, religious ideas, personal details etc. Similarly, we also learn about the financial transactions and economic conditions prevailing at the time.

Sovereignty is the full power of a body to govern itself. It is the supreme power in decision making without interference from external sources. In political terms, it has two aspects, internal and external.

Democracy is a system in which power ultimately comes from the people. It is of two types- direct and representative. An example of direct democracy is referendum where people directly vote on the issue. In representative democracy, people vote for their representatives and are governed through them. Therefore, in a democracy, people are considered sovereign.

A republic is a form of government in which the government is represented by elected individuals and ruled according to the rule of law under a constitution. When a public position is occupied by a person on the basis of hereditary succession, the system is called a monarchy.

The word Sovereign means that a State is not under the control of a foreign power. Sovereignty implies that it is not subject to the control of any other State or external power. 

The term democracy is made up of two Greek words " Demos" and "Kratia". Here "Demos"  means "people" and "Kratia" means "People". Thus this word refers to the rule of the people. This term was at first used by the city-states of Athens. 

According to Max Weber," Bureaucracy is a system of administration that is marked by the appointed officials. Bureaucracy is a large group of people who are involved in running an organization but these people are appointed not elected.

Private landlord- A private landlord can increase his earning by renting out tenements. This was the case during the later part of nineteenth century and early twentieth century in London. The situation was same in Bombay during the early twentieth century.