Modern Indian History

Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister, famously said this in his 'Tryst with Destiny' speech and other addresses, expressing his vision for an India free from poverty, suffering, and inequality. This phrase encapsulated his socialist vision and commitment to citizen welfare.

Ghanshyam Das Birla (1894-1983) was a prominent Indian cotton merchant, industrialist, banker, and close associate of Mahatma Gandhi. He came from a Marwari business family, founded the Birla Group, and financially supported the independence movement and Gandhi's campaigns.

Calcutta (now Kolkata) was the capital of British India until 1911, when the capital was shifted to Delhi in 1912. The decision was announced in 1911 during the Delhi Durbar, and the formal shift occurred in 1912. 1900, 1902, and 1910 are all incorrect.

Mangal Pandey, born on July 19, 1827 in Ballia district, Uttar Pradesh, is widely regarded as the first freedom fighter and martyr of the 1857 rebellion. His revolt against the British at Barrackpore in 1857 is often seen as the catalyst that sparked the larger uprising.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak was given the title 'Father of Indian Unrest' by the British for his fierce advocacy of self-rule and his ability to mobilize the masses through publications like Kesari and Maratha. His slogan 'Swaraj is my birthright' and involvement in the Home Rule Movement epitomized his revolutionary approach.

Lal Bahadur Shastri was born on October 2, 1904, sharing his birthday with Mahatma Gandhi (October 2, 1869). He gave the slogan 'Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan' during the 1965 India-Pakistan war to honor both soldiers and farmers for their contributions to the nation. He was India's second Prime Minister.

The first railway line in India ran from Bombay (now Mumbai) to Thane, covering 34 km and opening on April 16, 1853. This marked the beginning of railway transport in the Indian subcontinent during British colonial rule. 1857 is notable for the Indian Rebellion, not railways.

To solve this question, the user needs to have knowledge about the founder of Arya Samaj.

Option A: Raja Ram Mohan Roy was not the founder of Arya Samaj. He was a social reformer who was known for his efforts to abolish the practice of Sati and promote women's education.

Option B: Dayanand Saraswati was the founder of Arya Samaj. He was a Hindu monk and social reformer who sought to purify Hinduism and return it to its Vedic roots.

Option C: Swami Vivekananda was a disciple of Ramakrishna and was known for his contributions to the revival of Hinduism in India. He was not the founder of Arya Samaj.

Option D: Annie Besant was a British socialist, theosophist, and women's rights activist. She was not the founder of Arya Samaj.

Therefore, the answer is: B) Dayanand Saraswati.

India came under direct British Crown rule after the 1857 revolt. The Government of India Act 1858 transferred power from the East India Company to the British Crown, beginning the British Raj period that lasted until 1947.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828 to reform Hindu society and promote monotheism. He was a key social reformer who campaigned against sati, child marriage, and caste discrimination.

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 after spending 20 years (1893-1914) in South Africa fighting racial discrimination. This marked the beginning of his involvement in India's independence movement.

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose led the Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army) during World War II. With Japanese support, he fought to liberate India from British rule with the slogan 'Give me blood, and I will give you freedom!'

The Quit India Movement launched in August 1942 is also known as the August Movement or August Kranti. The All India Congress Committee passed the 'Quit India' resolution on August 8, 1942 in Bombay.

Sikkim joined India as the 22nd state in 1975 after a referendum where 97% of voters favored abolition of the monarchy and merger with India. The merger was completed on May 16, 1975.