Modern Indian History

'Unhappy India' (1928) was Lala Lajpat Rai's response to Katherine Mayo's 'Mother India'. It criticized colonial misrule and countered the negative portrayal of Indian society.

Gandhi established two main ashrams in South Africa: Phoenix Settlement (1904) and Tolstoy Farm (1910). Phoenix was his first experimental community, while Tolstoy Farm was established later. Sabarmati and Kochrab mentioned in the options were actually ashrams Gandhi established in India after his return from South Africa.

Desmond Tutu did not receive Bharat Ratna - he was a South African Nobel laureate (Peace Prize, 1984). The other three options (Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Mother Teresa, Nelson Mandela) are all Bharat Ratna recipients.

Sarojini Naidu, known as the 'Nightingale of India,' presided over the 1925 annual session of the Indian National Congress at Kanpur. She was a prominent freedom fighter, poet, and the first woman to become President of the INC. She later actively participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Bhikaji Cama, an Indian independence activist, operated from Paris and made her house a secret shelter for revolutionaries from around the world. She is known for unfurling the Indian flag at the International Socialist Congress in Germany in 1907. She provided safe haven to many freedom fighters working against British rule.

Lala Lajpat Rai, one of the Lal-Bal-Pal triumvirate of the Indian independence movement, founded the India Home Rule League of America in 1917 while in self-imposed exile. He went to the USA to gather international support for India's freedom struggle and promote awareness about British colonial rule.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was called the 'Iron Man of India' for his decisive leadership in integrating over 500 princely states into the Indian Union after independence, using a combination of diplomacy and firm resolve.

Khudiram Bose was born on December 3, 1889 (3 Dec). He was one of the youngest revolutionaries in the Indian independence movement and was martyred at age 18. He is remembered for his courageous role in the freedom struggle against British colonial rule.

Prafulla Chandra Roy, the famous Indian chemist and educator, was born on 2nd August 1861. He is known for establishing the first pharmaceutical company in India and his contributions to chemistry education.

This requires identifying the correctly spelled name. Option C has 'Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi' - all other options contain spelling errors like 'Karamshand', 'Gandhe', or 'Mohendas'.

India's first Test match was played in 1932 against England at Lord's. This historic match marked India's entry into Test cricket, with CK Nayudu as the captain in the dramatic circumstances described.

Gokhale started as a math teacher at Ferguson College and became its principal, founded the Servants of India Society in 1905, and served as INC President in 1907 (Calicut session). All statements A, B, and C are correct.

Vande Mataram was first sung publicly at the 1896 session of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta. Composed by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in 1882 for his novel Anandamath, it quickly became a patriotic anthem for the Indian independence movement.

Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) was established in 1686 by the British East India Company, specifically by Job Charnock. This date is well-documented in historical records as the founding year of the city.

Dakshineshwar Kali Temple in Kolkata was built in 1855 by Rani Rashmoni, a philanthropist and devotee of Goddess Kali. This temple is famous for its association with Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa who served as its priest.