Law Legal Studies

Labour and Industrial Relations

1,497 Questions

Labour and Industrial Relations involves the study of employment laws, workers unions, and workplace dynamics. This page features practice questions on critical topics such as equal pay, gratuity, overtime, and labor disputes. These questions are essential for law entrance exams and competitive tests.

Employment contractsTrade unionsWage discriminationIndustrial disputesOvertime payWorkplace safety

Labour and Industrial Relations Questions

Multiple choice
  1. lay-off

  2. lock out

  3. retrenchment

  4. termination

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, failure, refusal or inability of an employer to give employment to a workman whose name appears on the muster-rolls of his industrial establishment and who has not been retrenched due to breakdown of machinery is called lay-off.

Multiple choice
  1. 1 month

  2. 3 months

  3. 15 days

  4. 21 days

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

In terms of Section 25N of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, a workman employed in any industrial establishment shall be retrenched by the employer by giving three months notice in writing, indicating the reasons for retrenchment.

Multiple choice
  1. I and II are correct.

  2. II and III are correct.

  3. III and IV are correct.

  4. I, II and III are correct

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Industrial dispute does not come to an end after closure of industry. Industrial disputes are defined as when a demand is made by a workman and denied by the employer.  

Multiple choice
  1. Only b and c

  2. Only a and c

  3. Only a and b

  4. All of these

  5. None of these

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Under the Workmen's Compensation Act, statement (a) is incorrect because death benefits are not paid as pension till retirement age but as a lump sum or monthly payment based on a specified formula. Statement (b) is correct - for total permanent disablement, compensation is 50% of monthly wages multiplied by a relevant factor or Rs. 24,000, whichever is higher. Statement (c) is also correct - partial disablement compensation is calculated as a percentage of total permanent disablement compensation based on reduced earning capacity assessed by a medical practitioner.

Multiple choice
  1. without any exchange of goods and services

  2. to workers on transfer from one job to another

  3. as compensation to employees

  4. none of these

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Transfer payments are one-way payments where no good or service is exchanged in return. Examples include subsidies, welfare benefits, and grants. Options B and C incorrectly suggest transfer payments are related to job changes or employee compensation, which are exchanges for labor services.

Multiple choice
  1. beautiful

  2. bountiful

  3. handsome

  4. abundant

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The phrase 'handsome wages' is a standard English collocation where 'handsome' means substantial, generous, or considerable. While 'handsome' typically describes appearance, in the context of compensation, it signifies a good amount. 'Bountiful' and 'abundant' could work but 'handsome' is the established idiomatic expression used with wages and salary.

Multiple choice
  1. extreme

  2. fringe

  3. peripheral

  4. important

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

'Fringe benefits' is a standard business term referring to additional non-wage compensation provided to employees beyond their regular salary or wages - such as health insurance, retirement plans, paid leave, etc. The other options don't fit: 'extreme' is too strong, 'peripheral' means secondary/minor, and 'important' is too vague.

Multiple choice
  1. aggressive

  2. motivated

  3. monotonous

  4. relaxed

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Multiple choice
  1. Flexibility

  2. Rigidity

  3. Transparency

  4. Plasticity

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

The context discusses factors that improve quality of working life. 'Flexibility in work schedules' makes sense as a positive factor that enhances work-life balance and job satisfaction. 'Rigidity' would have the opposite negative effect, while 'Transparency' and 'Plasticity' don't logically fit with work schedules as factors for improving working life.

Multiple choice

Give the best possible summary of the third paragraph.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

People are definitely a company’s greatest asset. It does not make any difference whether the product is cars or cosmetics. A company is only as good as the people it keeps. The success of any organization depends on how the performers are rewarded and how much the non-performers go unnoticed in the system. Several organizations have called for introducing a robust performance based compensation system that basically fixes accountability on the employees and compensates them accordingly. There are calls for introducing variable pay systems, ESOPs etc. However, practical these solutions might seem at present, the possible fallouts of such systems must be kept in mind. Introducing such systems on the lines of private sector banks will essentially hit at the core of the culture of the public sector banks and the relationship that it has with its employees. And, since it is clear that it will be very difficult for the PSBs to actually pay at the levels of the private sector banks, introducing such a system would essentially mean affecting one thing that still attracts people to such jobs that is the emotional connect in terms of pride etc. Also, it will mean incentivizing managers to take decisions that maximize short-term profits and in the process probably affecting long term prospects.
Keeping in mind the responsibility that the PSBs have towards the society as a whole (something the private counterparts cannot be held accountable for), it is very important that managers at the PSBs take decisions that positively affect the long terms prospects of the banks. Introducing such explicit performance oriented systems can negatively affect the pursuit of such goals. It does not, however, mean that the banks need not lay stress on the performance. Obviously, there is a need to revamp the performance evaluation systems, probably introduce modern systems like 360 degrees appraisal etc. Also, the general compensation levels may need to be looked into and possibly increased as may be possible.
There is a requirement of the introduction of scientific manpower planning. We need to scientifically come up with parameters and benchmarks against which the productivity of the employees can be measured. Welfare of the employees needs to be looked into and it is a very important part of the talent management. There needs to be substantial increase in the allocation of welfare fund for the welfare and especially for the welfare of the retired employees. It is equally important to increase the involvement of the employees in general and the new recruits specially. In this context the policy of reward and punishment must be revamped. Any disciplinary proceeding against an employee regarding procedural lapses must be completed within the shortest possible time. It must be kept in mind that employee faces least mental harassment since the employee is nearly non-productive in this period. The above matters are very important in keeping the motivational level of the employee intact because it is now an established fact that only a motivated employee can deliver results. “The highest reward for a man’s toil is not what he gets for it, but what he becomes by it.”
Creation of congenial climate for talent nurturing calls for creation of atmosphere where employees are adequately and correctly compensated for their performance; and their talents and performances are recognized and appreciated. Apart from having right climate, the other important issues that one looks into before giving a medium to long term commitment for a career, is satisfaction arising from job enrichment/rotation, getting recognition for doing a good job, expectation of performance-based payment, flexibility in terms of job hours and other related aspects, both monetary and non-monetary incentives and a fast track promotion process through which one can look for prospects of a good career ahead. This becomes all the more important because today’s employee compares his job with the kind of job his friend/peer might be having at a private sector counterpart. More flexibility at the level of bank in deciding the compensation level reflecting the capacity of the bank to pay will be a welcome step. Today, all negotiations and settlements are reached at the industry level. There needs to be a difference in the amount being paid at a low-performing and a high performing bank. Such steps will motivate the employees of a bank on the whole to work harder and, more importantly, together. (The Indian Banker, Jan 2012)

 

  1. There is need to improve the compensation package of the employees as to also improve the welfare schemes for the retired employees for better results.

  2. The interests of employees who contribute to the enrichment of banks can no longer be ignored without affecting the morale and the productivity.

  3. It is important to keep the motivational level high by positively responding to the aspirational needs of employees, by expeditious disposal of disciplinary cases.

  4. There is need to scientifically introduce parameters and benchmarks against which the productivity of the employees can be measured.

  5. HR policies should be based on the principle of individual talent and aspirations of individual employees.

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

In a nutshell, this is the best summary of the paragraph as it takes into account those all of those aspects that are central to the theme.

Multiple choice
  1. Movement of a substance from one region to another

  2. The passage of water from a region of higher concentration through a semi -permeable membrane

  3. Release of energy

  4. Organism have different organs for different functions

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Division of labour means multicellular organisms like human beings have different body parts for different functions.

Multiple choice
  1. Fourth Schedule of the Industrial Disputes Act

  2. Fifth Schedule of the Industrial Disputes Act

  3. Sixth Schedule of the Industrial Disputes Act

  4. Third Schedule of the Industrial Disputes Act

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The Fifth Schedule of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 enumerates unfair labour practices by both employers and workmen. This comprehensive list includes practices like illegal strikes, lockouts, discrimination, and victimization. Other schedules contain different matters (bonuses, arbitration, etc.).

Multiple choice
  1. (i) alone

  2. (i) and (ii)

  3. (i), (ii) and (iii)

  4. (ii) alone

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The Trade Unions Act, 1926 contains all three provisions: Section 5 prescribes that the Registrar shall issue the certificate of registration (or refusal) within a reasonable time; Section 8 states that the certificate of registration is conclusive evidence of registration; and Section 11 allows any person interested to object to the registration of a trade union.

Multiple choice
  1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

  2. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

  3. (A) is true but (R) is false

  4. (A) is false but (R) is true

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Sections 17 and 18 of the Trade Unions Act provide immunity to trade unions for certain acts done in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute. However, gheraos (confinement) have been held to be outside this protection as they constitute the tort of intimidation/false imprisonment. The Rookes v. Barnard case established the principle that intimidation is not protected, supporting the assertion.

Multiple choice
  1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

  2. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

  3. (A) is true but (R) is false.

  4. (A) is false but (R) is true.

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Under Industrial Disputes Act, a 'workman' must perform manual, clerical, or supervisory/technical work. The Assertion that a priest qualifies is FALSE - religious duties are not manual/clerical services. The Reason correctly states this exclusion principle but contradicts the Assertion, making Reason TRUE. Option D correctly identifies (A) as false and (R) as true.