Indian Polity and Governance

The Prime Minister traditionally chaired the Planning Commission in India (now NITI Aayog). This reflected the executive branch's role in national economic planning and development policy coordination.

In India's parliamentary system, a joint sitting of both Houses (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. The Speaker has full authority to maintain order and conduct proceedings during the joint session. The President addresses joint sessions but does not preside over them.

According to Article 108 of the Indian Constitution, the Speaker of Lok Sabha presides over a joint sitting of both Houses. While the President summons the joint session, the Speaker (or in their absence, the Deputy Speaker) presides over the proceedings.

According to the National Commission for Women Act, 1990, the Chairperson of the NCW is appointed by the Central Government. The commission was established to review constitutional and legal safeguards for women.

The Vice President of India serves as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and presides over its sessions. This is a constitutional provision under Article 63 of the Indian Constitution. The President does not preside over Rajya Sabha meetings, the Prime Minister heads the government but is not the presiding officer, and the Speaker presides over the Lok Sabha, not the Rajya Sabha.

The Indian Constitution does not specify any procedure for removing Governors from office. Governors hold office during the pleasure of the President (Article 156), which means they can be removed by the President without any assigned reason or formal impeachment process. In contrast, the President can be impeached, the Vice-President can be removed by a resolution of Rajya Sabha, and Supreme Court judges can be removed through impeachment.

The Vice-President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Article 63), meaning they preside over Rajya Sabha sessions by virtue of their office. The President is not a member of either house, the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs is a Lok Sabha member, and the Leader of Opposition is a party position rather than a constitutional office. This role is distinct from the Lok Sabha Speaker, who is elected separately.

Under President's Rule (Article 356), the State legislative assembly is suspended and the State is governed by the Governor on behalf of the President. The Governor acts as the President's representative, administering the State with the aid of advisors appointed by the President - not the President ruling directly.

The Vice President of India is elected by members of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) through proportional representation via single transferable vote. The election is conducted by the Election Commission of India. The President does not directly elect the Vice President.

The Vice President is elected by the members of both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha (the two houses of Parliament). Option 'Both a and b' correctly identifies the full electoral body.

The Vice President of India is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha). Therefore, 'Both a and b' is the correct choice.

The Electoral College for electing India's President includes elected members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and Legislative Assemblies (Vidhan Sabhas) of all states. It specifically EXCLUDES Legislative Council members (Vidhan Parishads), whether elected or nominated. This is specified in Article 54.

According to Article 65(2) of the Indian Constitution, if both President and Vice-President offices are vacant, the Chief Justice of India acts as President. This is a temporary arrangement until a new President is elected. The Prime Minister has no constitutional provision to take over presidential duties. The Speaker has no role in this.

Chief Justice of India is not a part of the Executive of the Indian Union.

The disputes arising in connection with the election of the President are settled by the Supreme Court of India.