Indian Polity and Governance

The Rajya Sabha (Council of State) has the exclusive power under Article 312 to recommend the creation of new All India Services. This requires a two-thirds majority. The other options are incorrect: impeachment of the President can be initiated in either house, the Attorney General is appointed by the President, and state boundaries are altered by Parliament with state consent.

When both the President and Vice President positions are vacant, the Chief Justice of India serves as Acting President under Article 65 of the Constitution. This provision ensures constitutional continuity. The Chief Justice serves until a new President is elected. The Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha, Prime Minister, and Army General do not have this constitutional authority.

Under Article 60 of the Constitution, when a presidential vacancy occurs due to completion of the term, death, resignation, or removal, the outgoing President continues to hold office until the new President assumes charge. The Vice-President acts as President only when the office falls vacant (death, resignation, removal) and there is no immediate successor. The Chief Justice of India acts as President only if both offices of President and Vice-President are vacant. The Prime Minister has no constitutional role in this succession.

Under Article 56(1) of the Indian Constitution, the President submits his resignation to the Vice President. This provision ensures a clear constitutional protocol for the President's resignation. The resignation must be in writing and under the President's hand.

The Speaker of Lok Sabha presides over its sessions, as established under Article 94 of the Indian Constitution. The Speaker is elected by members of Lok Sabha from among themselves and is responsible for maintaining order and conducting proceedings. The Speaker ensures impartial conduct of House business.

Under Article 156 of the Indian Constitution, the Governor of a State is appointed by the President. The Governor serves as the constitutional head of the state and acts as the President's representative. The Governor does NOT report to the Chief Minister or Prime Minister, maintaining federal structure integrity. This appointment ensures central-state coordination.

The President of India does not participate in the Union Budget-making process. The budget is prepared by the Finance Ministry and presented to Parliament. The President's role is purely ceremonial - addressing Parliament after the budget is presented. The Finance Secretary, Directors of PSUs (who provide inputs), and State Finance Secretaries (who are consulted) all participate in various stages of the budget process.

India has a federal system with strong unitary features, often described as quasi-federal. The Constitution describes India as a Union of States and provides for division of powers between the Centre and States. However, the Centre has stronger emergency powers and a unified judiciary, making it not purely federal.

According to Article 53 of the Indian Constitution, the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces vests in the President, though they exercise this power on the advice of the elected government.

According to Article 360 of the Indian Constitution, the President of India has the authority to declare a Financial Emergency. This emergency can be declared if the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of India is threatened. The Prime Minister and Finance Minister do not have this constitutional power.

Article 61 of the Constitution provides for the impeachment of the President by Parliament. The process can be initiated in either House of Parliament and requires the resolution to be passed by a two-thirds majority of the total membership of that House. The other House then investigates the charge and must pass the resolution by two-thirds majority to complete the impeachment. Neither Lok Sabha alone, Supreme Court, nor Council of Ministers can remove the President.

Article 316 of the Constitution provides that the Chairman and other members of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) shall be appointed by the President. This ensures the commission's independence from political influence. The members are not elected by people or Parliament, nor are they appointed by the Council of Ministers. UPSC members serve for 6 years or until age 65, whichever is earlier.

The President of India appoints the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) under Article 324 of the Constitution. The CEC serves a term of 6 years or until age 65, whichever is earlier. The Election Commission, headed by the CEC, conducts free and fair elections in India.

The President of India serves a fixed 5-year term under Article 56, though re-election is possible. In contrast, the Prime Minister has no fixed tenure - they serve as long as they enjoy majority support in the Lok Sabha. Chief Justices retire at 65 and Governors serve at the President's pleasure - neither has a guaranteed fixed term.

Under Article 52 of the Indian Constitution, the President is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces. This is a constitutional fact, making 'Yes' the only correct answer. 'Not sure' and 'None of the above' are logically invalid in a factual query.