Indian Polity and Governance

The Speaker of Lok Sabha resigns by addressing resignation to the Deputy Speaker, as per Article 96 of the Constitution. This ensures continuity and proper succession. The Speaker does not address resignation to the Prime Minister, President, or Chief Justice - these are not the designated authorities for receiving such resignation.

The question text is grammatically incomplete and unclear - it says 'Which one of the following on the Consolidated Fund of India?' which is missing a key verb. However, under Article 106, the salary and allowances of the Vice President are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India, while salaries of the President, Speaker, and Supreme Court Justices have different constitutional provisions.

The Vice President of India serves as the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha. Unlike Lok Sabha which has a Speaker elected from among its members, Rajya Sabha is presided over by the VP. In the VP's absence, the Deputy Chairman (a member elected by Rajya Sabha) presides. The President does not directly preside over either House.

Under Article 124(2) of the Constitution, the President appoints the Chief Justice of India after consultation with the Judges of the Supreme Court. In practice, this follows the collegium system where the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court is recommended for appointment. The President does not act unilaterally, nor does the Prime Minister or Law Minister directly appoint the Chief Justice.

A joint session of both Houses of Parliament is called to resolve deadlocks on bills. Under Article 108 of the Constitution, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over this joint session. The President and Rajya Sabha Chairman do not preside.

According to Article 94 of the Indian Constitution, the Speaker of Lok Sabha must resign by writing to the Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha. This provision ensures continuity and constitutional propriety in the Speaker's office. The Deputy Speaker then becomes the presiding officer until a new Speaker is elected. This is different from many other offices where resignation is addressed to higher authorities.

Article 61 of the Indian Constitution states that either House of Parliament can initiate impeachment proceedings against the President. The process must be initiated in one House and then investigated by the other House. Lok Sabha alone or Rajya Sabha alone cannot initiate impeachment - both houses acting as Parliament have this power. Legislative Assemblies have no role in the impeachment process at the central level.

Under Article 360 of the Indian Constitution, the President has the authority to declare a Financial Emergency if satisfied that a situation has arisen threatening India's financial stability or credit. This declaration must be approved by Parliament within two months. The Finance Minister and Prime Minister may recommend the declaration, but only the President can formally proclaim it. A Financial Emergency has never been declared in India.

The Election Commissioners (including the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners) can only be removed from office in a manner similar to a Supreme Court judge - through impeachment by Parliament on grounds of proven misbehavior or incapacity. While the President acts on the recommendation, the actual removal process requires parliamentary proceedings. The question specifically asks about the recommendation authority for removal, and the Chief Election Commissioner's role is established in the constitutional framework. Option D (None of the above) would be incorrect if the question is interpreted as asking about the procedural recommendation.

Under Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, when President's Rule is imposed in a state, it must be approved by Parliament within two months. Parliament has the power to revoke or approve the President's Rule, making it the ultimate authority. The Prime Minister and Union Council of Ministers recommend the imposition, but Parliament must approve it for it to continue beyond the initial period. The State Government is typically suspended under President's Rule and thus cannot approve its own imposition.

The President of India can dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of the Prime Minister. This is a constitutional provision under Article 85(1). The President acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. The Lok Sabha cannot recommend its own dissolution, nor can the Rajya Sabha or Supreme Court advise on this matter.

Under Article 83(2) of the Constitution and by convention, the President can dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of the Prime Minister. The President acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister in exercising this constitutional power.

The Chief Justice of India administers the Oath of Office to the President. The Vice President does not administer this oath. The Prime Minister has no role in presidential swearing-in, and the Ex-President is also not involved in this constitutional duty.

The NHRC chairperson must be a retired Chief Justice of India, not a serving judge or justice. This is specified in the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. Option A, B, and C are incorrect as serving judges or justices are ineligible.