Indian Polity and Governance

Under Article 155 of the Indian Constitution, the Governor of a State is appointed by the President of India. The Prime Minister and Parliament do not have the direct power of appointment for this role.

According to Article 124(2) of the Indian Constitution, the President of India appoints the Chief Justice of India and other Judges of the Supreme Court. The President acts on the advice of the government in council, but the formal appointment authority rests with the President.

According to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution, 'We the People of India' are the sovereign. The Preamble clearly states that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of India, making the people the ultimate sovereign power.

Article 324 of the Indian Constitution vests the superintendence, direction, and control of elections in the Election Commission of India. This includes elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice-President.

According to Article 60 of the Indian Constitution, the Oath of Office to the President is administered by the Chief Justice of India. If the Chief Justice is not available, the senior-most Supreme Court judge performs this duty.

The Chief of Army Staff (COAS) indeed holds the rank of General, which is the highest rank in the peacetime Indian Army. Field Marshal is a honorary/ceremonial rank (held only by Sam Manekshaw and K.M. Cariappa) awarded for exceptional wartime service. Brigadier and Major-General are lower ranks in the hierarchy.

Under Article 352 of the Indian Constitution, the President of India is empowered to declare a National Emergency on the basis of war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. The Prime Minister recommends this declaration to the Cabinet, and the President then proclaims it officially. Governors and the Solicitor General do not have this authority.

Under Article 53 of the Indian Constitution, the President of India is vested with the supreme command of the Defense Forces of the Union. The President exercises this power through the Cabinet Minister for Defense and the Cabinet. This is a constitutional provision that makes the President the formal head of the armed forces.

According to Article 60(2) of the Indian Constitution, if both President and Vice-President offices are vacant, the Chief Justice of India (or the senior-most Supreme Court judge available) acts as President. This ensures constitutional continuity.

The Election Commissioners (including the Chief Election Commissioner) are appointed by the President of India. This is specified in Article 324 of the Constitution. The PM, CM, and Vice-President do not have this authority.

Under Article 53 of the Indian Constitution, the President of India serves as the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces, which includes the Army, Navy, and Air Force. This is a constitutional position, with actual executive power exercised by the Prime Minister and Defence Minister.

High Court judges are appointed by the President of India under Article 217 of the Constitution. The President acts in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the concerned state before making such appointments.

Yes, the President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, as stated in Article 53 of the Indian Constitution. This is a ceremonial position - actual command is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet through the Ministry of Defence. The President acts on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers.

Justice M. Hidayatullah served as Acting President of India twice - in 1969 after President Zakir Hussain's death and briefly in 1982. This made him the first Chief Justice of India to assume the role of President.