Indian Polity and Governance

The Parliament (specifically the Lok Sabha, with Rajya Sabha concurrence) has the sole authority to control Union Government expenditure through the budget process. No money can be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of India without parliamentary approval (Article 266). The CAG audits expenditures but does not control them. The Prime Minister and National Development Council do not have this constitutional authority.

The President of India is elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and elected members of State Legislative Assemblies. Members of Legislative Councils (Vidhan Parishads) are explicitly excluded from this electoral process.

Article 72 of the Constitution gives the President pardoning power in ALL three cases mentioned: (1) Court Martial cases, (2) Offences under Union laws (where Union's executive power extends), and (3) Death sentences. The President's pardoning power is very broad and covers these categories comprehensively. The option 'All of these' correctly captures the full scope of Article 72.

In India's parliamentary system, the Prime Minister heads the Council of Ministers and controls all ministries including Finance through their portfolio allocation. The President is the constitutional head while the Chief Justice heads the judiciary, and the Home Minister is a cabinet colleague.

Prime  Minister

The Attorney-General of India is the first law officer of the Government of India, not the Chief Justice of India or the Union Law Minister. The Attorney-General advises the government on legal matters and represents it in courts. The Chief Justice heads the judiciary, while the Law Minister is a political executive.

In India's state university system, the Governor of the state serves as the ex-officio Chancellor. This is a constitutional convention where the Governor, as the head of the state, is the nominal head of state universities. The Governor appoints Vice-Chancellors who handle actual administration.

Article 76 of the Constitution designates the Attorney-General of India as the chief legal advisor to the Government of India. The Attorney-General has the right to participate in proceedings of Parliament (but not vote) and can be invited to give opinions on legal matters. The Chief Justice and CAG do not have this constitutional privilege.

Incumbents are permitted to stand for re-election and can be elected for any number of terms.

Waqil-i-Dar was the official in charge of managing the Sultan's personal services and household affairs. This position was crucial for maintaining the day-to-day functioning of the royal household.

The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal as established by Part V, Chapter IV of the Constitution of India. According to the Constitution, the role of the Supreme Court is that of a Federal Court and the guardian of the Constitution.

The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President and is presided over by the Speaker, or in his absence by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha, or in his absence by the Chairman, or in his absence by the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.  

Speaker of the House of People has the final power to maintain order within the House of People.

 The President of India is simply a nonminal head of the country just like the monarch of Great Britian. But the real executive head is the Prime Minister. 

The concept of nomination of the members to the Rajya Sabha by the president has been borrowed from Ireland.