Indian Polity and Governance

The President of India constitutes the Finance Commission every five years as per Article 280 of the Constitution. The Commission recommends financial relations between the Centre and states. The Chairman of Rajya Sabha, Prime Minister, and Speaker do not have this constitutional authority.

The Public Accounts Committee submits its report to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, who then presents it to the House. The PAC examines budget allocations and government spending. The Prime Minister, President, and Vice President do not receive these reports directly.

The President of India appoints the Attorney General, who advises the Government of India on legal matters. The Attorney General must be qualified to be a Supreme Court judge. The Chief Justice, Law Minister, and Prime Minister do not make this appointment.

The Constitution of India mentions Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha, Deputy Speaker of state legislative assemblies, and Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha. However, there is no constitutional post of Deputy Prime Minister - it is an executive designation conferred by the Prime Minister.

Under Article 54, the President is elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both Houses of Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies. For a nomination to be valid, it must be proposed by at least 10 electors (members of the electoral college) and seconded by another 10. This ensures broad support across the electoral college before a candidate can formally enter the presidential race.

Article 53 of the Constitution of India explicitly states that 'the executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President' making the President the constitutional head of state. The Prime Minister is the head of government (executive head), not the head of state. Parliament is the legislative body, not the head of state.

Under Article 229(2) of the Constitution, the President may frame rules regarding the conditions of service of High Court staff after consultation with the High Court Public Service Commission. While the Chief Justice makes the actual appointment, it must be in consultation with the Public Service Commission.

The Advocate General is appointed by the Governor of a state, not the President. The President appoints the Attorney General of India, Chief Justice of India, and Chief Election Commissioner.

The President of India is the head of state (ceremonial head) while the Prime Minister is the head of government (executive head). This separation follows the parliamentary system where executive power vests in the PM and Council of Ministers.

The President appoints Governors (Article 156), High Court judges (Article 217), and various other officials. However, the Rajya Sabha Chairman is elected by members of the Rajya Sabha themselves, not appointed by the President.

Article 60 of the Constitution mandates that the Chief Justice of India administers the oath of office to the President. In the CJI's absence, the senior-most Supreme Court judge available performs this duty.

Under Article 106, Parliament determines the salaries and allowances of the Prime Minister, other Ministers, and MPs. This ensures executive remuneration is decided by the people's representatives, not the executive itself.

Article 226 states that High Court judges are appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, Governor, and Chief Justice of the High Court. The number of judges is determined by the President based on parliamentary legislation.