Indian Polity and Governance

Members of Rajya Sabha (Council of States) are elected by the members of State Legislative Assemblies. The election uses proportional representation by means of single transferable vote. Each State's MLA votes contribute to electing Rajya Sabha members from that State.

The question appears to be incomplete with a typo in option A. However, under Article 61, once the impeachment resolution is passed by both houses, the President stands removed from office - no further formalities are required.

Under Article 72, the President can pardon, suspend, remit, or commute sentences, including death sentences. Under Article 161, the Governor has similar powers BUT cannot pardon death sentences or court martial cases.

Under Article 75(2), the Council of Ministers holds office during the pleasure of the President - meaning the President cannot remove them arbitrarily; they serve as long as they maintain Lok Sabha confidence. However, the President can remove Governors and the Attorney General.

The President appoints the Finance Commission (Article 280), UPSC members (Article 316), and Official Language Commission. The Planning Commission was a constitutional body but its members were appointed by the Prime Minister, not the President. It has now been replaced by NITI Aayog.

The President appoints as Prime Minister the leader of the majority party in Lok Sabha (I), or any person who can demonstrate confidence of the Lok Sabha majority (III). The key is securing Lok Sabha confidence, not Rajya Sabha or arbitrary selection.

Under Article 61(2) of the Indian Constitution, the President's resignation must be addressed to the Vice-President. This constitutional provision ensures a clear succession protocol.

Under Article 65 of the Indian Constitution, when both the offices of President and Vice President are vacant, the Chief Justice of India (or the senior-most Supreme Court judge available) discharges the functions of the President until a new President is elected. This constitutional provision ensures continuity in the highest office.

Under Article 53 of the Indian Constitution, the President is the supreme commander of the Armed Forces and has the power to declare war and conclude peace. However, this power is exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers, who are accountable to Parliament.

Under Article 317, a member of a State Public Service Commission can only be removed from office by the President (on the Supreme Court's advice), not the Governor or state legislature. This ensures independence of these constitutional bodies.

The National Development Council (NDC) is presided over by the Prime Minister of India. The NDC is the apex body for decision-making and deliberations on development issues in India, and the Prime Minister's leadership reflects its constitutional importance in national planning.

The Prime Minister performs all three functions: constituting the Cabinet (selecting ministers), presiding over Cabinet meetings, and providing leadership in the Lok Sabha (House of the People). These are core constitutional responsibilities of the PM.

Both heads of state are called 'President' but their powers differ significantly. The Indian President is largely ceremonial while the US President has extensive executive powers. Option A correctly identifies that they share only the title, not actual powers.

Article 123 of the Constitution grants the President certain law making powers to promulgate ordinances when either of the two houses of Parliament is not in session and hence, it is not possible to enact laws in the Parliament.

Under Article 233 of the Indian Constitution, appointments of persons to be and the posting and promotion of district judges in any state shall be made by the Governor of the state in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such state.