Indian Polity and Governance

The President appoints the Finance Commission, UPSC, and Commission on Official Language. However, the Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog) was an executive body established by a government resolution, not a constitutional appointment. The President did not appoint its members.

The President can remove the Governor of a state, and the Attorney General of India serves at the President's pleasure (can be removed). However, the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha and can only be removed by losing its confidence, not by the President's direct action.

The President appoints the Prime Minister. By convention, this is the leader of the majority party in Lok Sabha (option I). If no single party has a majority, the President appoints the person most likely to command majority support in Lok Sabha (option III). The President does not arbitrarily choose anyone or consider Rajya Sabha strength for this appointment.

In a parliamentary system, the executive wing consists of the Prime Minister, President (as head of state), and Council of Ministers. Judges belong to the judiciary, which is a separate branch of government under the principle of separation of powers.

The salaries and allowances of Governors are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the STATE, not the Consolidated Fund of India. Items charged on the Consolidated Fund of India include the President's salary, Supreme Court judges' salary, Speaker and Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha, etc. State Governors' salaries are a state expenditure.

The President of India has the constitutional power to declare any geographic area as a Scheduled Area under the Fifth Schedule. This power is derived from Article 244(1) of the Constitution and the Fifth Schedule provisions. The Governor has powers relating to Scheduled Areas but cannot declare them.

The Legislature (Parliament and State Legislatures) is the custodian of the national purse because it controls public finances through budgetary process. The Executive proposes expenditures but the Legislature must approve them through the budget and appropriations. This is a key principle of parliamentary democracy.

The Supreme Court has the authority to decide what constitutes an 'office of profit' under Article 102(1)(a) and 191(1)(a) of the Constitution. This disqualification provision has been judicially interpreted in several landmark cases, and the Court's word is final on whether a particular position falls under this category.

A UPSC member can only be removed by the President after the Supreme Court, on inquiry, has found them guilty of misbehavior or incapacity. This is specified in Article 317 of the Constitution. The Supreme Court's inquiry is mandatory, and the President acts on its recommendation.

The Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over a joint session. This is his/her special function/power.

According to Article 61 of the Indian Constitution, when both President and Vice President offices are vacant, the Chief Justice of India (or the senior-most Supreme Court judge available) discharges the President's functions. This constitutional provision ensures continuity of the highest office. The Prime Minister and Home Minister do not have this constitutional authority, and the Speaker presides over Lok Sabha, not the executive.

The President of India is elected by an Electoral College comprising elected members of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and State Legislative Assemblies. Nominated members to either House of Parliament or State Legislatures are not part of this Electoral College. The election is conducted by the Election Commission using proportional representation.

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