Indian Polity and Governance

A court is presided over by a judge appointed by the High Court of that particular state.

Article 316 of the Indian Constitution states that the Chairman and other members of a Public Service Commission shall be appointed, in the case of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission by the President and in the case of a State Commission by the Governor of the State. 

The salary of a sitting judge of the Supreme Court of India may be reduced if a proclamation of financial emergency is in operation.

The chairman or a member of the UPSC can be removed from office by the president only in the manner and on the grounds mentioned in the Constitution. However, in this case, the president has to refer the matter to the Supreme Court for an inquiry. If the Supreme Court after the inquiry, upholds the cause of removal and advises so, the president can remove the chairman or a member.

The Chairman and other members of the UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) are appointed by the President of India.

The oath of the President is taken in the presence of the Chief Justice of India and in his/her absence by the most senior judge of the Supreme Court.

The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the country. The Ministry of Defence provides policy framework and resources to the Armed Forces to discharge their responsibility in the context of defence of the country.

The Vice President of India (currently, Hamid Ansari) is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions.

The Finance Commission's recommendations are generally accepted as a matter of constitutional convention, though not legally binding on the President. The President refers the Commission's recommendations to Parliament for consideration, and they are typically accepted.

The Governor of a state is not completely free to act on their own discretion in all matters. According to the Indian Constitution, the Governor acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, except in certain discretionary areas where they can exercise their judgment.

The Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is appointed by the President of India under Article 316 of the Constitution. The UPSC is a constitutional body responsible for recruiting civil servants. The Chief Minister and Governor do not have authority over UPSC appointments, maintaining the commission's independence. An IAS officer is below the UPSC Chairman in administrative hierarchy.

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is a constitutional authority established under Article 148. The CAG is appointed by the President of India by warrant under his hand and seal and can only be removed from office in like manner and on like ground as a Judge of the Supreme Court.

The President can only be removed through impeachment under Article 61 of the Constitution. The process requires a formal charge (signed by at least 1/4th of Lok Sabha members), investigation by a 2-member committee, and then a 2/3rds majority in both Houses of Parliament.

According to Article 75, the Prime Minister is appointed by the President, but by convention, the President appoints the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Lok Sabha as PM. This ensures the government has the confidence of the lower house.

Under Article 71 of the Indian Constitution, all doubts and disputes arising out of the election of the President or Vice-President are decided by the Supreme Court of India, whose decision is final. The Election Commission conducts the election but does not decide disputes. The President and Parliament have no role in adjudicating such electoral disputes.