Indian Polity and Governance

Under Article 143 of the Indian Constitution, the Supreme Court has advisory jurisdiction but only when the President specifically seeks its advice on questions of law or fact. The Court cannot tender advice suo motu (on its own). The advice is not binding on the President.

Supreme Court acts as the guardian of the Constitution.

The Vice-President is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha), not appointed by the President. The President appoints the Chief Justice, Governors, and Attorney General, but the VP must be elected according to Article 67 of the Constitution.

The Secretary General of Lok Sabha is appointed by the Speaker of Lok Sabha, with the approval of the President. The Secretary General is the administrative head of the Lok Sabha Secretariat and advises the Speaker on procedural matters. The Speaker has the authority to appoint officers and staff of the Secretariat.

The Speaker of the State Legislative Assembly has the constitutional authority to certify whether a bill is a money bill under Article 207 of the Indian Constitution. This is similar to the Lok Sabha Speaker's role at the central level. The Governor and Finance Minister have no role in this certification process.

The Vice-President of India is elected by members of both Houses of Parliament - Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. This includes both elected and nominated members. The election is conducted using proportional representation through single transferable vote. This is different from the President's election which also includes state legislative assemblies.

According to Article 56 of the Indian Constitution, if the President wishes to resign, they must address their resignation letter to the Vice-President of India. This provision ensures proper documentation and continuity in the constitutional office. The Vice-President then notifies the resignation to the Speaker of Lok Sabha.

Correct Answer: The Supreme Court

Under Article 169 of the Constitution, the Legislative Assembly of a state can pass a resolution to create or abolish the Legislative Council. This requires a special majority and then needs Parliament's approval. The Governor, Advocate General, and Council of Ministers do not have this independent recommendation power.

Under Article 94 of the Indian Constitution, the Speaker of Lok Sabha can be removed from office by a majority of all the members of the House. This ensures parliamentary control over the presiding officer. The President, Prime Minister, or both Houses together do not have direct removal power.

Under Article 53 of the Indian Constitution, the executive power of the Union is vested in the President, who is empowered to declare war and conclude peace treaties. While the President acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister, constitutionally, these powers are formally exercised by the President, not Parliament or the Prime Minister directly.

The President acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers, which represents the ruling party or coalition. This constitutional convention ensures the President follows cabinet guidance rather than acting independently or on advice from just one person like the Prime Minister.

The President and Governor both have clemency powers under Articles 72 and 161 respectively. Commuting death sentence (reducing it to a lesser punishment) is a power both exercise. Pardoning court-martial sentences is ONLY President's power (state list offences remission is only Governor's power).

The Vice-President of India, like the Vice-President of USA, primarily presides over the upper house (Rajya Sabha/Senate) and steps in if the President is incapacitated. Both positions have similar ceremonial roles and limited executive powers.

In India, once a resolution for impeachment is passed by Parliament, the President stands removed from that date. The process ends with the passage of the impeachment resolution. No further notification or procedural step is required for the removal to take effect.