Indian Independence Movement

Justice Hiralal J. Kania served as the first Chief Justice of independent India from 1950 to 1951, establishing the Supreme Court following the adoption of the Constitution.

The MODVAT (Modified Value Added Tax) scheme was introduced in 1986 based on recommendations of the committee headed by L.K. Jha. This scheme allowed tax credit on input taxes and was a precursor to the modern GST system, reforming India's indirect tax structure.

Jawaharlal Nehru was the President of the Indian National Congress in 1930 when the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed in March 1931. The pact was a result of negotiations between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin, ending the Civil Disobedience Movement temporarily.

Ram Mohan Roy (Raja Ram Mohan Roy) founded the Atmiya Sabha in 1815 in Kolkata as a platform for discussing religious and social issues. This was his first organized effort at social and religious reform, preceding the Brahmo Sabha (1828).

Gopal Hari Deshmukh, known as 'Lokahitwadi,' advocated for reorganizing Indian society based on rational, humanistic, and secular values. He wrote extensively on social reform through his weekly 'Lokahitwadi' column in 'Prabhakar' newspaper, criticizing blind faith and promoting scientific thinking.

Jothiba Phule pioneered the Widow Remarriage Movement in Maharashtra during the 1850s. He challenged orthodox Hindu practices and campaigned for widow remarriage, women's education, and caste equality. His work complemented the broader movement led by Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar in Bengal.

N. M. Joshi, along with other labor leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai, organized the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) in 1920 to unite workers across India and fight for labor rights. Joshi was a pioneer of the trade union movement and emphasized constitutional methods and negotiation.

Badruddin Tyabjee served as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1887, being the third Muslim to hold this position. He was a prominent lawyer and judge from Bombay who actively participated in the early nationalist movement. The other options listed were also associated with Congress but not as Muslim presidents.

Correct Answer: M. A. Jinnah

The Moderates believed in constitutional agitation and gradual reform within the British system. Surendranath Banerjea was a prominent Moderate leader who favored petitions and negotiations. The other options - Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, and B.G. Tilak - were Extremists who favored more direct action and swaraj.

Correct Answer: A. O. Hume

Surendranath Banerjee led the agitation against the partition of Bengal (1905) through the Indian National Congress and Anti-Partition Movement. The partition was annulled in 1911. C.R. Das was also involved but Surendranath Banerjee was the prominent leader.

C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) founded the Swatantra Party in 1959 as a liberal alternative to the Congress Party's socialist policies. The party advocated for free enterprise, civil liberties, and limited government, becoming the primary opposition party in several states during the 1960s. Rajaji, the first Indian Governor-General, broke with Congress over ideological differences.