Indian Independence Movement

The Forward Bloc was formed by Subhash Chandra Bose in 1939 after his resignation from the Indian National Congress presidency due to ideological differences with Gandhi. It aimed to unite all leftist forces against British rule. C.R. Das, Tilak, and Gokhale were prominent leaders but not associated with founding the Forward Bloc.

Chandra Shekhar Azad was never hanged. On February 27, 1931, when surrounded by police at Alfred Park in Allahabad, he chose to shoot himself with his last bullet rather than be captured. The other freedom fighters mentioned (Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Ashfaqullah Khan) were indeed hanged by the British.

The Azad Hind Fauz (Indian National Army) was organized by Subhash Chandra Bose in 1943 with Japanese support. He gave the famous slogan 'Give me blood, and I will give you freedom!' and led the army in battles against British forces in Northeast India.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly, which was responsible for drafting the Constitution of India. He is rightly called the 'Father of the Indian Constitution' for his pivotal role in shaping it.

Jawaharlal Nehru served as the first Chairman of the Planning Commission, which was established in 1950. As Prime Minister, he naturally led this crucial body responsible for India's economic development through Five-Year Plans.

Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British civil servant, founded the Indian National Congress in 1885 with the goal of providing a platform for educated Indians to voice their political grievances. Hume believed this controlled outlet would help channel Indian discontent and prevent more radical movements against British rule.

Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal formed the extremist trio known as 'Lal-Bal-Pal' who advocated for more aggressive methods to achieve independence. They rejected the Moderates' approach of petitions and prayers, instead promoting swadeshi, boycott, and direct action against British rule.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded Brahmo Samaj in 1828, pioneering the Bengal Renaissance and social reform movements. Keshab Chandra Sen and Debendranath Tagore were later leaders. M.G. Ranade founded Prarthana Samaj, a similar reform movement in Bombay.

Nawab Salimullah Khan of Dhaka was the first President of the All-India Muslim League, elected in 1906 at its founding in Dhaka. He was a key figure in the movement that eventually led to the creation of Pakistan.

Jawaharlal Nehru proposed the Objectives Resolution in December 1946, which later became the Preamble to the Constitution. The Preamble embodies the philosophy and fundamental values of the Indian Constitution. Nehru, as Prime Minister, presented this before the Drafting Committee chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Dr. Rajendra Prasad served as the first President of independent India from 1950 to 1962. He was a key freedom movement leader who had previously presided over the Constituent Assembly that drafted India's Constitution, making him the natural choice for the ceremonial head of the new republic.

Subhas Chandra Bose resigned as Congress President in 1939 following his ideological differences with Gandhi. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was appointed in his place to maintain party unity. This occurred after Bose's controversial re-election against Gandhi's preferred candidate, leading to his eventual departure from the Congress.

The All India Muslim League was founded in 1906 in Dhaka under the leadership of Nawab Salimulla Khan of Dhaka. While Sir Syed Ahmad Khan laid the ideological groundwork through the Aligarh Movement and Jinnah later became its most prominent leader, neither was among the original founders.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly, which was responsible for drafting the Indian Constitution. Sachchidananda Sinha was the temporary President, B.N. Rao was a constitutional advisor, and Jawaharlal Nehru was the Prime Minister and head of important committees but not the Drafting Committee specifically.

Begum Hazrat Mahal led the revolt in Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. She was the wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah and refused to accept the pension offered by the British after the annexation of Awadh. Mangal Pandey led the revolt at Barrackpore, Begum Gulpanag is not a historical figure of this period, and Tatya Tope was a leader in other regions.