Biology

Human Immunity and Blood

2,096 Questions

Human immunity and blood questions cover the physiological mechanisms protecting the body against diseases and the components of blood. Topics include blood groups, cell mediated immunity, monoclonal antibodies, and blood coagulation. These biology topics frequently appear in general science sections of competitive exams.

Blood groupsCell mediated immunityMonoclonal antibodiesBlood coagulationCancer immunology

Human Immunity and Blood Questions

Multiple choice biology transportation in plants and animals blood transfusion transfusion of blood blood and organ donation

A person with blood group ${B^ + }$ met with an accident and losses a lot of blood.Which pair of individuals can denote blood to him?

  1. $A{B^ + },{B^ + }$
  2. $A{B^ - },{B^ - }$
  3. ${A^ + },{B^ - }$
  4. ${O^ + },{B^ - }$
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

B$^{+}$ blood group contain antibody-A and type B antigen. A person with blood group B$^{+}$ can receive blood from B$^{-}$ as due to the presence of same type of antigen in them, there won't be any transfusion reactions. While O$^{+}$ blood group does not contain any type of antibody. 

So, the correct option is 'O$^{+}$, B$^{-}$'.

Multiple choice biology transportation in plants and animals blood transfusion transfusion of blood blood and organ donation

Which one of the following statements is correct with regard to the principle of safe blood transfusion?

  1. The recipient's serum should not contain antigens against the donor's antibodies.

  2. The donor's red blood corpuscles should not contain antibodies against the recipient's serum.

  3. The recipient's red blood corpuscles should not contain antibodies against the donor's antigen.

  4. The recipient's serum should not contain the antibodies against the red blood corpuscles of the donor.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Blood transfusion is generally the process of receiving blood into one's circulation intravenously. Antigens are present on the surface of red blood corpuscles, while antibodies are present in the plasma of the blood, for e.g., people with blood group A have surface antigen A on their RBC's and antibodies to antigen B in their plasma. So, when RBC's are donated, transfer of antibodies doesn't take place. But as the RBC's of the donor have a surface antigen, it should be ensured that recipient's serum should not contain antibodies against the antigen on red blood corpuscles of the donor. Otherwise, if transfusion is made between incompatible donor and recipient, the reaction between antigens on the RBC (from the donor) and antibodies in the plasma (of the recipient) will produce clots and clog capillaries. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Multiple choice zoology locomotion and movement disorders of musculoskeletal system disorders of muscle and skeleton joints and movements

Which of the following are the reasons(s) for rheumatoid arthritis? Choose the correct option
(i) Lymphocytes become more active
(ii) Body attacks self cells
(iii) More antibodies are produced in the body
(iv) The ability to differentiate pathogens or foreign molecules from self cells is lost

  1. (i) and (ii)

  2. (ii) and (iv)

  3. (iii) and (iv)

  4. (i) and (iii)
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
Rheumatoid arthritis is chronic pain due to inflammation of the synovial membrane of many joint simultaneously. It usually starts in the small joints in the hand and progressive and centripetal an asymmetric manner.
It involves erosion of the joints. 
The major cause of this the lymphocytes become more active and the body cells lose the ability to differentiate between the self and the foreign cells. The lymphocytes start attacking the body cells.
So, the correct option is '(i) and (ii)'

Multiple choice chemistry medicinal chemistry antacids and antihistamines therapeutic action of different classes of drugs ph regulation of the stomach

Histamine is responsible for the nasal congestion associated with common cold and allergic response to pollen.

  1. True

  2. False
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

The pollen triggers these cells in nasal chambers, causing them to release histamine and the other chemicals. Histamine dilates the small blood vessels of the nose and fluids leak out into surrounding tissues causing allergy symptoms.

So, the above statement is true.

Multiple choice zoology control and coordination in living organisms thymus thymus gland pineal gland and thymus

Mammals born without a thymus gland fail to manufacture 

  1. B - Lymphocytes

  2. T - Lymphocytes

  3. Plasma cells

  4. Basophils
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Removal of the thymus gland in the adult has little effect, but when the thymus is removed in the newborn, T cells in the blood and lymphoid tissue are depleted and failure of the immune system causes a gradual, fatal wasting disease. 

The animal whose thymus has been removed at birth is less able to reject foreign tissue grafts or to make antibodies to certain antigens. Moreover, certain parts of the white pulp of the spleen and lymph nodes are much reduced in size. Hence, the T cells produced in the thymus and transported to the lymphoid tissues are crucial elements in the development of immunity.

Multiple choice zoology control and coordination in living organisms thymus thymus gland pineal gland and thymus

Damage to thymus in a child may lead to

  1. Loss of cell mediated immunity

  2. A reduction in the haemoglobin content in blood

  3. A reduction in the amount of plasma proteins

  4. Loss of antibody mediated immunity
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

The thymus gland is an organ in the upper chest cavity, that processes lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, that fights infections in the body. 

The thymus is most important in children and young adults, when it programs lymphocytes to attack antigens, like viruses. 
People who do not have this gland, or in whom it does not function correctly, usually have compromised immune systems and difficulty fighting disease.

Multiple choice zoology endocrine system and chemical co-ordination thymus thymus gland pineal gland and thymus

A person without thymus would not be able to

  1. Reject a tissue transplant

  2. Receive a tissue transplant

  3. Develop an inflammatory response

  4. Produce antibodies
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
Thymus gland is a lobular structure which is present on the dorsal side of the heart and aorta. It plays an important role in the development of immune system. It contains lymphoid tissue which is involved in the proliferation and maturation of T-lymphocytes.
Hence, a person without thymus would not be able to reject a tissue transplant because as the immune system won't be developed, there will be no autoimmune response to reject the transplant. The T-lymphocytes which can distinguish between self and non-self, will not be produced. So, the transplant won't get rejected by the body.
So, the correct answer is 'Reject a tissue transplant'.
Multiple choice zoology plants and animal hormones thymus thymus gland pineal gland and thymus

Which of these is related to the maturation of lymphocytes?

  1. Thymus

  2. Thyroid

  3. Adrenal

  4. Pituitary
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
A. Thymus gland is associated with the development of immune system and present on the dorsal side of heart. It secretes thymosin hormone which plays an important role in the differentiation of T-lymphocytes.
B. Thyroid gland is situated between the trachea and larynx in the neck and secretes thyroxine hormone which increases oxygen consumption by metabolically active tissues.
C. Adrenal gland is present on upper side of kidneys and has two parts, adrenal cortex which secrete glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and sexocorticoids and adrenal medulla which secrete adrenaline and nor-adrenaline hormone.
D. Pituitary gland is the master gland that regulates the activity of other endocrine glands and secretes many hormones like growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone etc.
So, the correct answer is 'Thymus'.
Multiple choice zoology plants and animal hormones thymus thymus gland pineal gland and thymus

Removal or absence of thymus in early life shall bring about

  1. Lack of lymphocytes

  2. Lack of antibodies

  3. Decreased immune response

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation
Thymus gland is associated with the development of immune system and present on the dorsal side of heart. It shows maximum development in children during puberty and by the age of 70, it transforms into a tiny structure. It secretes thymosin hormone which plays an important role in the differentiation of T-lymphocytes which are associated with cell mediated immunity. It also promotes production of antibodies that induce humoral immunity.
Hence, lack of thymus gland will result in lack of lymphocytes and antibodies and decreased immune response. Thus, all the options are correct.
So, the correct answer is 'All of the above'.
Multiple choice zoology plants and animal hormones thymus thymus gland pineal gland and thymus

The regression in size of which organ is associated with reduction in the power of defence against invasion by pathogens with ageing?

  1. Bone marrow

  2. Thymus

  3. Spleen

  4. Peyer's patches
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The thymus gland, located behind our sternum and between our lungs, is only active until puberty.

After puberty, the thymus starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat.
So, the correct option is 'Thymus'.

Multiple choice zoology plants and animal hormones thymus thymus gland pineal gland and thymus

Central tolerance takes place in

  1. Lymph nodes

  2. Thymus

  3. Spleen

  4. Liver
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Central tolerance is the tolerance established by deleting autoreactive lymphocyte clones before they develop into fully grown immunocompetent cells. It occurs primarily in the thymus.

So, the correct option is 'Thymus'.

Multiple choice zoology plants and animal hormones thymus thymus gland pineal gland and thymus

Which one of these does not pertain to B-cells?

  1. Have passed through the thymus

  2. Synthesize and liberate antibodies

  3. Have antibody-mediated immunity

  4. Have specific receptors
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

B cells develop in the bone marrow but achieve maturity in peripheral lymphoid organs. Developmental stages are defined by the successful expression of heavy-chain and light-chain immunoglobulin genes. B cells provide humoral immunity against extracellular pathogens through antibody production. Antibodies neutralize pathogens and toxins, facilitate opsonization, and activate complement. The B-cell receptor or BCR is composed of immunoglobulin molecules that form a type 1 transmembrane receptor protein usually located on the outer surface of a lymphocyte type known as B cells. 


So, the correct option is 'Option A'.

Multiple choice zoology health, disease and yoga diabetes mellitus lifestyle diseases non-infectious diseases

Leukaemia is a cancer caused due to

  1. Excessive production of WBCs

  2. Excessive production of RBCs

  3. Excessive production of platelets

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Leukaemia is cancer of blood-forming cells. Leukaemia usually causes large numbers of white blood cells to be made. These abnormal cells usually cannot carry out the normal functions of white blood cells. They crowd the bone marrow and spill into the blood and may then spread into organs such as the liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys. Sometimes, they may also spread into the fluid around the brain and spinal cord. Because there are so many abnormal white cells crowded into the bone marrow, the marrow sometimes cannot make enough normal red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.