Biology

Human Immunity and Blood

2,096 Questions

Human immunity and blood questions cover the physiological mechanisms protecting the body against diseases and the components of blood. Topics include blood groups, cell mediated immunity, monoclonal antibodies, and blood coagulation. These biology topics frequently appear in general science sections of competitive exams.

Blood groupsCell mediated immunityMonoclonal antibodiesBlood coagulationCancer immunology

Human Immunity and Blood Questions

Multiple choice

Which is the rarest blood type in humans?

  1. O positive

  2. B positive

  3. A negative

  4. AB negative
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

AB negative is the rarest blood type among the major ABO/Rh blood groups in the general population. O positive is the most common.

Multiple choice

What do you call the fluid that is in blood?

  1. plasma

  2. lymph

  3. interstitial fluid

  4. saline
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Plasma is the liquid component of blood that holds blood cells in suspension. It makes up about 55% of the body's total blood volume.

Multiple choice mitosis structure of chromosome, cell cycle and cell division cell division biology cell division in embryo development division for growth and reproduction

Heparin is formed by.

  1. Liver cells

  2. Plasma cells

  3. Blood cells

  4. Spleen cells
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
Heparin is a naturally occuring anticoagulant which is synthesised in Liver as well as blood cells such as basophils and mast cells. Heparin prevents the formation of blood clots and extension of existing blood clots within the blood.
So, the correct answer is 'Both A and C'.
Multiple choice biology immunity monoclonal antibodies antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

Fluorescent dye bonded to monoclonal antibodies is used to locate particular.

  1. Cell proteins

  2. Cells

  3. Diseased parts

  4. Organs of defence
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific proteins that bind to unique antigens. When tagged with a fluorescent dye, they are used in immunofluorescence techniques to visualize and locate specific proteins within cells or tissues.

Multiple choice biology immunity monoclonal antibodies antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

Monoclonal antibodies(MAB) are produced from the hybrid cells of B-lymphocytes and myeloma cells. They are used?

  1. In the preparation of vaccines

  2. As immunosuppressant's

  3. In the preparation of toxoids

  4. For the detection of DNA probes
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope. Monoclonal antibodies(MAB) are produced from the hybrid cells of B-lymphocytes and myeloma cells. They are used in the preparation of vaccines.

So, the correct option is 'in the preparation of vaccines'.
Multiple choice biology immunity monoclonal antibodies antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

Antibodies produced by a group of identical B-cells against a single epitope of an antigen is called

  1. Polyclonal antibodies

  2. Monoclonal antibodies

  3. Antihapten antibodies

  4. Somaclonal antibodies
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

  • Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. 
  • Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). 
  • In contrast, polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different plasma cells lineages. Hence, Antibodies produced by a group of identical B-cells against a single epitope of an antigen is called Monoclonal antibodies.
So, the correct answer is 'Monoclonal antibodies'. 

Multiple choice biology immunity monoclonal antibodies antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

monochlonal antisera are distinguished from polychlonal antisera in which of the following ways?

  1. each type of body is monochlonal antiserum reacts against a single region of single antigen;each type of antibody reacts antiserum reacts against multiple regions of antigens.

  2. a monoclonal antibody reacts against multiple regions of a single antigen;a polyclonal antibody reacts against a single region of related antigen

  3. a monoclonal antiserum contains antibodies secreted from the descendants of a single B lymphocyte, a polyclonal antiserum contains antibodies secreted from the descendants of different B lymphocytes

  4. a monoclonal antiserum contains antibodies secreted from the descendants of a single B lymphocyte, a polyclonal antiserum contains antibodies secreted from the descendated of both B and T lymphocytes

  5. a monoclonal antiserum is produced by the descendants of a single B lymphocyte;a polyclonal antiserum is produced by single T lymphocyte
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
Monoclonal antibodies are made using identical immune cells that are all clones of a specific parent cell. As such, they will have an affinity for the same antigen and epitope (i.e. are monovalent).

Polyclonal antibodies are made using several different immune cells. They will have an affinity for the same antigen but different epitopes.

Here's the same info in image form:




Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibody Binding. Monoclonal antibodies bind only a single epitope while polyclonal antibodies bind different epitopes on the same protein.

Monoclonal antibodies are much more specific and with less background noise than polyclonal antibodies, and are as such generally preferable for biochemical assays. However, they are also usually more expensive to produce, less robust and are very sensitive to small changes in the antigen.

So the correct option is 'Monoclonal antiserum reacts against a single region of single antigen, Polyclonal antiserum reacts against multiple regions of the same antigens'.
Multiple choice biology immunity monoclonal antibodies antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

What is true for monoclonal antibodies?

  1. These antibodies obtained from one parent and for one antigen

  2. These obtained from different parents and for one antigen

  3. These obtained from one parent and for many antigens

  4. These obtained from many parents and for many antigen
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

  • Antibodies, made from unique, identical cells of different parents, and act on one type of antigens are called Monoclonal antibodies.

So, the correct answer is ‘these obtained from different parents and for one antigen’ this should contain the option which is correct.

Multiple choice biology immunity monoclonal antibodies antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

Monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies are produced by ________________.

  1. T-memory cells

  2. NK-cells

  3. Plasma cells of B-lymphocytes

  4. Memory cells of B-lymphocytes
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Here, correct option is (C) because:

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by the same clone of plasma B cells and they bind to a unique epitope.
Whereas polyclonal antibodies are produced by different clones of plasma B cells and they bind to the different epitopes in the same antigen.

Multiple choice biology immunity monoclonal antibodies antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

In hybridoma technology.

  1. B-cells are fused with myeloma cells

  2. T-cells are fused with myeloma cells

  3. B-cells are fused with T-cells

  4. None of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

In hybridoma technology antibody producing B cells are fused with myeloma cells. These hybrid cells therefore acquire the capability to generate antibodies and also have the ability to live on indefinitely as it is a hybrid of myeloma cell.  Hence, they are able to generate a large number of monoclonal antibodies. 

So, the correct answer is 'B-cells are fused with myeloma cells'

Multiple choice biology immunity monoclonal antibodies antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

Which is employed for synthesis of monoclonal antibody by hybridoma technique?

  1. RBC

  2. Liver cells

  3. Tumour cells

  4. Nerve cells
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The hybridoma technique involves fusing an antibody-producing B-cell with a myeloma (cancerous tumour) cell. The tumour cell provides the property of immortality, allowing the hybridoma to divide indefinitely and produce monoclonal antibodies.

Multiple choice biology immunity monoclonal antibodies antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

Antibodies made outside the body by hybrid cell cultures are known as

  1. Biotechnological antibodies

  2. Specific antibodies

  3. Hybrid antibodies

  4. Monoclonal antibodies
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). In contrast, polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different plasma cell (antibody secreting immune cell) lineages. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered, by increasing the therapeutic targets of one single monoclonal antibody to two epitopes. Given almost any substance, it is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to that substance; they can then serve to detect or purify that substance. This has become an important tool in biochemistry, molecular biology, and medicine. 

So the correct option is 'monoclonal antibodies'.

Multiple choice biology immunity monoclonal antibodies antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

Choose the correct answers from the alternatives given.
Monoclonal antibodies are

  1. produced by clones formed from memory cells

  2. used to produce large quantities of interferon

  3. produced by cultures of hybridoma cells

  4. produced by clones of 1-cells fused with tumor cells
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Monoclonal antibodies are the antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. In contrast, polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different plasma cells.

So, the correct option is 'Produced by cultures of hybridoma cells'.