Biology

Human Immunity and Blood

2,051 Questions

Human immunity and blood questions cover the physiological mechanisms protecting the body against diseases and the components of blood. Topics include blood groups, cell mediated immunity, monoclonal antibodies, and blood coagulation. These biology topics frequently appear in general science sections of competitive exams.

Blood groupsCell mediated immunityMonoclonal antibodiesBlood coagulationCancer immunology

Human Immunity and Blood Questions

Multiple choice

Which cytokine is primarily responsible for suppressing immune responses and preventing excessive inflammation?

  1. Interleukin-10 (IL-10)

  2. Interleukin-12 (IL-12)

  3. Interleukin-18 (IL-18)

  4. Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a key anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses and preventing excessive inflammation. It suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibits the activation of immune cells, and promotes immune tolerance.

Multiple choice

Which cytokine is primarily responsible for promoting the differentiation of Th17 cells and inducing immune responses against extracellular bacteria and fungi?

  1. Interleukin-17 (IL-17)

  2. Interleukin-22 (IL-22)

  3. Interleukin-23 (IL-23)

  4. Interleukin-27 (IL-27)
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in promoting the differentiation of Th17 cells, a subset of helper T cells that are important for immune responses against extracellular bacteria and fungi. IL-23 also enhances the production of IL-17 and other cytokines by Th17 cells.

Multiple choice

Which cytokine is primarily responsible for promoting the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and suppressing immune responses?

  1. Interleukin-10 (IL-10)

  2. Interleukin-35 (IL-35)

  3. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)

  4. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in promoting the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), a subset of T cells that suppress immune responses and maintain immune tolerance. TGF-β also inhibits the activation and proliferation of other immune cells, contributing to its immunosuppressive effects.

Multiple choice

Which cytokine is primarily responsible for promoting the differentiation of Th2 cells and inducing immune responses against helminths and allergens?

  1. Interleukin-4 (IL-4)

  2. Interleukin-5 (IL-5)

  3. Interleukin-13 (IL-13)

  4. Interleukin-25 (IL-25)
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in promoting the differentiation of Th2 cells, a subset of helper T cells that are important for immune responses against helminths and allergens. IL-4 also enhances the production of antibodies, particularly IgE, by B cells.

Multiple choice

Which cytokine is primarily responsible for promoting the differentiation of Th9 cells and inducing immune responses against helminths and extracellular parasites?

  1. Interleukin-9 (IL-9)

  2. Interleukin-22 (IL-22)

  3. Interleukin-25 (IL-25)

  4. Interleukin-33 (IL-33)
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in promoting the differentiation of Th9 cells, a subset of helper T cells that are important for immune responses against helminths and extracellular parasites. IL-9 also enhances the production of antibodies, particularly IgA, by B cells.

Multiple choice

How is SCID treated?

  1. Bone marrow transplant

  2. Gene therapy

  3. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

SCID can be treated with bone marrow transplant, gene therapy, IVIG therapy, or a combination of these treatments.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is a type of phagocytic cell?

  1. Neutrophils

  2. Macrophages

  3. Dendritic cells

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells are all types of phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy foreign particles.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is a type of cytokine?

  1. Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

  2. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

  3. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) are all types of cytokines.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is a type of innate immune response?

  1. Phagocytosis

  2. Inflammation

  3. Natural killer (NK) cell activity

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Phagocytosis, inflammation, and NK cell activity are all types of innate immune responses.

Multiple choice

Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for phagocytosis during inflammation?

  1. Neutrophils

  2. Lymphocytes

  3. Eosinophils

  4. Basophils
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are the first responders to inflammation. They are phagocytic cells, meaning they engulf and destroy foreign particles and pathogens.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which inflammation can be resolved?

  1. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells

  2. Production of anti-inflammatory cytokines

  3. Increased blood flow

  4. Formation of scar tissue
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Formation of scar tissue is a consequence of chronic inflammation, not a mechanism by which inflammation is resolved.

Multiple choice

What is the role of eosinophils in inflammation?

  1. To phagocytose foreign particles and pathogens

  2. To produce antibodies

  3. To regulate the immune response

  4. To attack parasitic infections
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in defending against parasitic infections. They release toxic substances that damage and kill parasites.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is NOT a type of inflammatory mediator?

  1. Cytokines

  2. Prostaglandins

  3. Leukotrienes

  4. Antibodies
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Antibodies are not inflammatory mediators, although they play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response.

Multiple choice

What is the role of basophils in inflammation?

  1. To phagocytose foreign particles and pathogens

  2. To produce antibodies

  3. To regulate the immune response

  4. To release histamine and other inflammatory mediators
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Basophils are a type of white blood cell that release histamine and other inflammatory mediators, such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins, which contribute to the development of inflammation.

Multiple choice

What are tumor antigens?

  1. Molecules expressed on cancer cells that can be recognized by the immune system

  2. Molecules expressed on normal cells that are not recognized by the immune system

  3. Molecules expressed on cancer cells that are not recognized by the immune system

  4. Molecules expressed on normal cells that can be recognized by the immune system
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Tumor antigens are molecules that are expressed on cancer cells and can be recognized by the immune system. These antigens can be derived from mutated proteins, overexpressed proteins, or proteins that are normally expressed in low levels.