Biology

Human Excretion and Kidney Physiology

1,215 Questions

Human excretion and kidney physiology questions test your understanding of the excretory system, including the role of renal tubules and glomerular filtration. You will also find topics on urine formation, body water absorption, and excretory products. This section is vital for medical and general science exam preparation.

Glomerular filtrationRenal tubule absorptionExcretory productsRole of sodium ionsHuman excretory system

Human Excretion and Kidney Physiology Questions

Multiple choice chemistry energy rocks and minerals petroleum and natural gas fossil fuels

Anti-knock index (AKI) is the:

  1. geometric mean of RON and MON

  2. arithmetic mean of RON and MON

  3. harmonic mean of RON and MON

  4. none of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Octane number can be determined by RON, MON and AKI. The most common method used for the measurement is RON. AKI is the arithmetic mean of RON and MON. 

It is given by : $\frac{R+M}{2}$. 
It is sometimes called as posted octane number.

Multiple choice evs science of kitchen balanced diet and malnutrition assimilation of food components and importance of food skeletal system and muscles assimilation of food and egestion busy at work - our internal organs

Jaundice is a disease of 

  1. Kidney

  2. Liver

  3. Pancreas

  4. Duodenum
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Jaundice refers to the yellow color of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by excess bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is formed by the breakdown of dead red blood cells in the liver. Normally, the liver gets rid of bilirubin along with old red blood cells. Jaundice occurs when the liver does not break down bilirubin the way it is supposed to because the liver might be damaged and unable to perform this process. 

Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Multiple choice evs science of kitchen balanced diet and malnutrition assimilation of food components and importance of food skeletal system and muscles assimilation of food and egestion busy at work - our internal organs

Excess bile pigments in urine indicate

  1. Anaemia

  2. Diabetes insipidus

  3. Jaundice

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a condition, which is characterised by a yellowish discolouration of the skin and the whites of the eyes. The yellow colouration is caused by an excess amount of the bile pigment known as bilirubin in the body.

Multiple choice zoology diversity in living world hemichordata phylum hemichordata chordates and hemichordates

Excretory organs of Amphioxus are

  1. Nephrons

  2. Flame cells

  3. Nephridia

  4. Kidneys
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Nephridium is an excretory organ which functions similarly to a kidney in vertebrates. These are present in paired form in the invertebrates. It is also in amphioxus. It expels wastes from the body cavity to the exterior.

So, the correct answer is option C.

Multiple choice zoology diversity in living world hemichordata phylum hemichordata chordates and hemichordates

Excretory organs of Amphioxus are 

  1. Nephridia

  2. Pronephric kidney (protonephridia)

  3. Mesonephric kidney

  4. Metanphridic kidney
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Excretory organs of Amphioxus is the pronephros. The pronephros is the anterior end of this excretory organ, which is developed before the rest to meet the larval needs.

So, the correct answer is option B.

Multiple choice evs communicable diseases infectious diseases - transmission and prevention infectious diseases and how to prevent them pathogen and their mode of transmission

If a patient has to undergo dialysis, he is suffering from a severe ailment of the

  1. Respiratory systems

  2. Circulatory system

  3. Digestive system

  4. Excretory system
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Dialysis is the procedure used for cleaning the blood of a person by reparating the waste substance (urea) from it.

Multiple choice biology digestive system of human digestive glands liver pancreas

Heparin is synthesised in

  1. Kidney

  2. Salivary glands

  3. Pancreas

  4. Liver
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Heparin is an anticoagulant formed in the liver and mast cells. It is found in blood and connective tissues. It belongs to a class of mucopolysaccharides and helps to prevent blood clots in arteries and veins. It is an anticoagulant that prevents the formation of blood clots. It is also used before surgery to reduce the risk of blood clots. It helps the blood to flow smoothly in the body by making a certain natural substance in the body work better. 

Thus, the correct answer is option D. 

Multiple choice biology control and coordination in living organisms control of blood glucose endocrine system and hormone hormones in human reproduction testes and ovary parts of the brain kidney

Vasopressin is related with

  1. Conservation of water

  2. Quick digestion

  3. Dilution of urine

  4. Slow heart beat
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted by posterior pituitary gland and targets nephron tubules to increase water reabsorption and thereby decreasing water content in urine while increasing that of blood. Increased water concentration in blood raises blood volume and blood pressure. It makes the urine concentrated. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Multiple choice biology control and coordination in living organisms control of blood glucose endocrine system and hormone hormones in human reproduction testes and ovary parts of the brain kidney

A person suffering from diabetes insipidus will pass what amount of urine per day?

  1. 1 litre
  2. $\frac{1}{2}$ litres

  3. 3 litres

  4. 1.5 litres
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

If a person drinks enough water, this condition will not have significant effects on the fluid or electrolyte balance of the body. If the person does not drink enough fluids, high urine output may cause dehydration and high levels of sodium in the blood. The primary symptoms of diabetes insipidus are excessive thirst and urination. A person can produce large amounts of urine, usually more than 3 litres up to 15 litres per day.

Multiple choice biology control and coordination in living organisms control of blood glucose endocrine system and hormone hormones in human reproduction testes and ovary parts of the brain kidney

Urine concentration is controlled by

  1. Oxytocin

  2. ADH

  3. MSH

  4. ACTH
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted by posterior pituitary gland and targets nephrons to increase water reabsorption and thereby decreasing water content in urine. Oxytocin facilitates uterine contractions to push the foetus downward which in turn stretches cervix and leads to childbirth. MSH stimulates melanin production from melanocytes. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and targets adrenal cortex to produce its hormones. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Multiple choice biology control and coordination in living organisms control of blood glucose endocrine system and hormone hormones in human reproduction testes and ovary parts of the brain kidney

ADH responsible for reabsorption of water and reduction of urine secretion is released by 

  1. Posterior pituitary gland

  2. Juxtaglomerular apparatus

  3. Anterior pituitary gland

  4. Hypothalamus
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

ADH secretion is regulated by plasma osmolality. If osmolality increases it stimulates secretion of ADH which act at the collecting duct of nephron where it causes the reabsorption of only water and produces the concentrated urine.

So, the correct answer is 'Posterior pituitary gland'.

Multiple choice biology enzymes classification of enzyme enzymes classification and cofactors the origin of cells and cell division

Enzyme urease, first crystallised by Sumner was obtained from

  1. Human urine

  2. Canavalia

  3. Pancratium

  4. Thalictrum
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
Sumner crystallized an enzyme known as urease from human urine and reported that all enzymes are protein. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia. John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley shared the noble prize with Sumner for their work on the enzyme.
Buchner in 1897, prepared a yeast extract and added sugar solution to it and observed the process of fermentation. 
So, the correct answer is option A.
Multiple choice biology excretory system of human control of blood glucose parts of the brain kidney

Nitrogenous wastes can be removed from the body by

  1. Urinary system

  2. Lymphatic system

  3. Circulatory system

  4. Respiratory system

  5. Integumentary system
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

The urinary system produces urine (nitrogenous water) and serves to excrete it to outside the body. Lymphatic system serves in fluid balance, fat absorption and defense. The circulatory system serves in exchange of nutrients and oxygen for waste and carbon dioxide respectively. Respiratory system serves to allow entry of oxygen from the air into blood and exit of carbon dioxide from blood to the air. The integumentary system covers the entire surface of the human body and serves as a barrier, site for waste elimination and temperature control. 

So, the correct answer is option A.

Multiple choice bio-chemistry digestion liver functions of the liver secretory organs

Glisson's capsules are present in

  1. Liver

  2. Lung

  3. Kidney

  4. Stomach
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Liver is the largest gland of the body weighing about 1.2 to 1.5 kg in an adult human. It is situated in the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm and has two lobes. The hepatic lobules are the structural and functional units of liver containing hepatic cells arranged in the form of cords. Each lobule is covered by a thin connective tissue sheath called as the Glisson's capsule.