Geology and Earth Structure

Geologists believe that the Indian peninsula was a part of the Gondwanaland (continent) which drifted northwards and India, Africa and other parts separated from each other.

A plateau is a flat, elevated landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side.

A canyon is a deep gorge, typically one with a river flowing through it, often formed by erosion over long periods.

A mountain is a large natural elevation of the earth's surface rising abruptly from the surrounding level.

Erosion is a surface process caused by wind, water, or ice moving sediment. Earthquakes, volcanoes, and uplift are all driven by tectonic plate movements.

When tectonic plates move against each other, the stress built up at the boundaries is released as seismic waves. This release of energy results in an earthquake.

Weathering is a slow process that breaks down rocks over long periods of time. Volcanoes, landslides, and earthquakes are geological events that can alter the Earth's surface very rapidly.

The asthenosphere is a semi-fluid, ductile layer of the upper mantle located below the lithosphere. The lithospheric plates move or 'float' on top of this plastic-like layer.

The Richter scale is a logarithmic scale used to quantify the magnitude of an earthquake. It measures the energy released by the seismic event.

The Earth is composed of layers, with the crust being the thin, outermost solid shell. Beneath it lie the mantle and the core.

Rift Valley, in terms of the theory of plate tectonics, occur in divergence zones were two of the various lithospheric plates that make up the Earth’s surface are separating. Numerous submarine rift valleys have been discovered along the crests of the large ridges that run throughout the Earth’s oceans. These ridges are centers of seafloor spreading: areas where the magma from the mantle is welling up, cooling to form the new oceanic crust, and is moving away from the crests in either direction.

Rift Valley, in terms of the theory of plate tectonics, occur in divergence zones where two of the various lithospheric plates that make up the Earth’s surface are separating. Numerous submarine rift valleys have been discovered along the crests of the large ridges that run throughout the Earth’s oceans. These ridges are centres of seafloor spreading: areas where magma from the mantle is welling up, cooling to form new oceanic crust, and is moving away from the crests in either direction.

The intense heat in the earth's interior does not travel to the surface because rocks are bad conductors of heat. The internal heat of the earth therefore melts the rock and keeps the asttenosphere which is underneath the crust in a semi molten state. This leads to several conditions which cause landform development on the surface of the earth. A landform is a natural feature of earth surface.

The valley is formed by the rift or faulting. It is a liner shaped low land between several highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of geologic rift or fault. 

• At one point of time, all the landmass on Earth was united as one mega continent called Pangea and whole water bodies were also unified called Panthalassa.
  
• After that, the Pangea got bifurcated into the northern part as Laurasia and southern part as the Gondwanaland.
• Peninsular India was part of Gondwanaland which moved northwards to unite with rest of India. Thus the right answer is B.